B<scp>IOLOGIC</scp> M<scp>ECHANISMS OF THE</scp> P<scp>ROTECTIVE</scp> R<scp>OLE OF</scp> L<scp>UTEIN AND</scp> Z<scp>EAXANTHIN IN THE</scp> E<scp>YE</scp>

Krinsky, Norman I.; Landrum, John T.; Bone, Richard A.

doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073307

Cited by 712 publications

(396 citation statements)

References 137 publications

(134 reference statements)

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“…Evidence from animal, clinical and epidemiologic studies suggests a protective role for xanthophylls in AMD prevention Krinsky et al, 2003). Therefore, further characterisation of their metabolisms may provide insights to the mechanisms by which xanthophylls exert their protective effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of lutein and zeaxanthin in rhesus monkeys: Identification of (3R,6′R)- and (3R,6′S)-3′-dehydro-lutein as common metabolites and comparison to humans

Albert¹,

Hoeller²,

Schierle³

et al. 2008

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry an

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Lutein and zeaxanthin are xanthophylls that can be found highly concentrated in the macula of the retina. They are thought to protect the macula through their role as blue-light filters and because of their antioxidant and singlet oxygen quenching properties. Examination of metabolites unique to lutein and zeaxanthin such as 3′-dehydro-lutein, and of their stereochemistry may provide insight to the mechanism by which they are formed and by which they exert protection. To evaluate the formation of such metabolites, eleven monkeys were raised on a xanthophyll-free diet, and supplemented with pure lutein or pure zeaxanthin (2.2 mg/kg body weight/d). The period of supplementation ranged between 12 to 92 weeks. At study start and throughout the study, serum samples were taken and analyzed for xanthophylls using different HPLC systems. Xanthophyll metabolites were identified using UV/VIS and HR-MS detection. Lutein and zeaxanthin metabolites were found in detectable amounts with 3′-dehydro-lutein being a common metabolite of both. Using chiral-phase HPLC, two diastereomers, (3R,6′R)-3′-dehydro-lutein and (3R, 6′S)-3′-dehydro-lutein, were identified and shown to be present in nearly equimolar amounts. A pathway for their formation from either lutein or zeaxanthin is proposed. These finding were comparable to results obtained with human plasma.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of lutein and zeaxanthin in rhesus monkeys: Identification of (3R,6′R)- and (3R,6′S)-3′-dehydro-lutein as common metabolites and comparison to humans

Albert¹,

Hoeller²,

Schierle³

et al. 2008

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry an

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“…Although higher levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet were related to lower incidence of retinal pigmentary abnormalities [124], increasing the intake of these carotenoids has not been demonstrated to be protective against the development of age-related macular degeneration [125].…”

Section: Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidants in cystic fibrosis☆Conclusions from the CF Antioxidant Workshop, Bethesda, Maryland, November 11-12, 2003

Cantin

White

Cross

et al. 2007

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

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Although great strides are being made in the care of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), this condition remains the most common fatal hereditary disease in North America. Numerous links exist between progression of CF lung disease and oxidative stress. The defect in CF is the loss of function of the transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein; recent evidence that CFTR expression and function are modulated by oxidative stress suggests that the loss may result in a poor adaptive response to oxidants. Pancreatic insufficiency in CF also increases susceptibility to deficiencies in lipophilic antioxidants. Finally the airway infection and inflammatory processes in the CF lung are potential sources of oxidants that can affect normal airway physiology and contribute to the mechanisms causing characteristic changes associated with bronchiectasis and loss of lung function. These multiple abnormalities in the oxidant/antioxidant balance raise several possibilities for therapeutic interventions that must be carefully assessed. IntroductionCystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common fatal disease caused by a single gene defect in Europe and North America [1,2]. The defective gene was identified in 1989 [3][4][5] and shown to encode the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR). CFTR is a cyclic AMP-regulated anion channel with greatest selectivity for chloride, and bicarbonate [6][7][8]. Furthermore, CFTR regulates sodium transport across epithelial membranes through interactions with the epithelial sodium channel ENaC [9], and facilitates the trans-membrane export of the small organic anionic peptide glutathione [10]. The expression of CFTR is located in the apical membrane of epithelial cells that line mucous membranes and submucosal glands ☆ A list of participants may be found in the Acknowledgments.

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“…Thus, diets containing lutein and zeaxanthin may help reduce these health‐related problems of the eye (Krinsky et al. 2003). This study therefore aims at optimizing the extraction conditions and quantification of carotenes and xanthophylls from OPF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response surface optimization of ultrasonic‐assisted extraction of carotenoids from oil palm (Elaeis guineensisJacq.) fronds

Ofori-Boateng

Lee

2013

Food Science & Nutrition

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Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) fronds (OPF) are the most abundant oil palm solid wastes that are generated during oil palm agriculture and harvest. Palm oil and some other palm wastes have been reported to contain high concentrations of carotenoids with vital bioactive properties. However, the extraction and quantification of carotenoids from OPF have not been reported. In this study, ultrasonic‐assisted extraction, HPLC–FLD for quantification, and response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of β‐carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin from OPF extracts were investigated. The effects of extraction temperature (X 1: 30–70°C), extraction time (X 2: 10–50 min), and solvent–sample ratio (X 3: 10–50 mL/g) on the recovery of β‐carotene (Y 1), lutein (Y 2), and zeaxanthin (Y 3) were investigated using three‐level Box–Behnken design (BBD) experiment. At a desirability of 1, the optimum extraction conditions for β‐carotene (30.14°C, 37.11 min, and 23.18 mL/g), lutein (30.00°C, 39.09 min, and 19.24 mL/g), and zeaxanthin (30.09°C, 36.76 min, and 22.38 mL/g) yielded carotenoid concentrations of 17.95 μg/g dry weight (DW), 261.99 μg/g DW, and 29.99 μg/g DW, respectively.

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BIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF LUTEIN AND ZEAXANTHIN IN THE EYE

Cited by 712 publications

References 137 publications

Metabolism of lutein and zeaxanthin in rhesus monkeys: Identification of (3R,6′R)- and (3R,6′S)-3′-dehydro-lutein as common metabolites and comparison to humans

Metabolism of lutein and zeaxanthin in rhesus monkeys: Identification of (3R,6′R)- and (3R,6′S)-3′-dehydro-lutein as common metabolites and comparison to humans

Antioxidants in cystic fibrosis☆Conclusions from the CF Antioxidant Workshop, Bethesda, Maryland, November 11-12, 2003

Response surface optimization of ultrasonic‐assisted extraction of carotenoids from oil palm (Elaeis guineensisJacq.) fronds

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