<b>Occlusion effect: Bone Conduction speech audiometry using forehead and mastoid placement</b>

Klodd, David A.; Edgerton, Bradly J.

doi:10.3109/00206097709080023

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This difference was believed to originate in the same difference as discussed above where stimulation close to the cochlea produced a cochlear response direction that was more effective than when the stimulation was further away. Trends of less perceived occlusion effect when the stimulation is at the mastoid compared with other positions have been indicated previously (Dean et al, 2000;Klodd et al, 1977;Stenfelt and Reinfeldt, 2007). Stenfelt and Goode (2005a) divided the BC transmission of the head into three frequency ranges: (1) below approximately 0.3 kHz the skull moves as a true rigid body, (2) between 0.3 and 1 kHz the skull motion can be approximated by a mass-spring system, and (3) above 1 kHz the skull moves in all directions determined by the wave transmission in the skull bone.…”

Section: Occlusion Effects At Different Stimulation Positionsmentioning

confidence: 53%

Estimation of bone conduction skull transmission by hearing thresholds and ear-canal sound pressure

Reinfeldt¹,

Stenfelt²,

Hȧkansson³

2013

Hearing Research

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Bone conduction sound transmission in the human skull and the occlusion effect were estimated from hearing thresholds and ear-canal sound pressure (ECSP) measured by a probe tube microphone when stimulation was at three positions on the skull (ipsilateral mastoid, contralateral mastoid, and forehead). The measurements were done with the ear-canal open as well as occluded by an ear-plug. Depending on the estimation method, transcranial transmission at frequencies below 1 kHz was between -8 and 5 dB, around 0 dB at 1 kHz that decreased with frequency to between -17 and -7 dB at 8 kHz. The forehead transmission was, except at frequencies between 1 and 2 kHz, similar to that proposed in the standard ISO:389-3 (1994) when the threshold measurements were conducted with open ear-canals. Compared with the same measurements using hearing thresholds, the ECSP gave similar transmission results at most frequencies, but differed at 0.5, 0.75, 2 and 3 kHz. One probable reason for the differences between thresholds and ECSP measures was a significant perception improvement (lower thresholds) when the stimulation was at the ipsilateral mastoid that was not found at the other positions. This improvement, which also was present in the occlusion effect data, was hypothesized to originate in greater sensitivity of the cochlea for vibration in line with the ipsilateral stimulation direction than from other directions.

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Section: Occlusion Effects At Different Stimulation Positionsmentioning

confidence: 53%

Estimation of bone conduction skull transmission by hearing thresholds and ear-canal sound pressure

Reinfeldt¹,

Stenfelt²,

Hȧkansson³

2013

Hearing Research

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“…One example is the perceptual alteration of one's own voice when the ear canal is occluded; this alteration is caused by an increase of low frequency BC sound in conjunction with a reduction of air-conduced (AC) input due to the blocking. The effects of occluding the ear canal while stimulating by BC have been reported extensively in the literature as the alteration of the perceived sound (Klodd & Egerton, 1977;Small & Stapells, 2003), the alteration of the ear-canal pressure (Howell et al, 1988;Stenfelt et al, 2003), or both (Huizing, 1960;Berger & Kerivan, 1983). It is generally accepted that the occlusion effect depends on the exact position of the occlusion device in the ear canal as well as the occlusion device itself.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

A model of the occlusion effect with bone-conducted stimulation

Stenfelt

Reinfeldt

2007

International Journal of Audiology

108

135

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An acoustical model using simplified ear anatomy was designed to predict the ear-canal sound pressure occlusion effect in humans. These predictions were compared perceptually as well as with ear-canal sound pressure occlusion effect measurements using a foam earplug with shallow insertion, a foam earplug with deep insertion into the bony part of the ear canal, and a circumaural earmuff. There was good resemblance between model predictions and ear-canal sound pressure measurements. It was also found that all occlusion positions, even deep ear-canal occlusion, produced noticeable occlusion effects. With the bone-conduction transducer at the forehead, the perceived occlusion effect was close to that obtained from ear-canal sound pressure data in the 0.3 to 2 kHz frequency range; when the stimulation was at the mastoid the difference between the perceived and measured ear-canal sound pressure occlusion effect was around 10 dB at frequencies below 1 kHz. Further, the occlusion effect was obtained in two clinical settings: with supra-aural earphones (TDH39), and insert earphones (CIR22). Although both transducers produced occlusion effects, insert earphones produced a greater effect than surpa-aural earphones at the low frequencies.

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“…Although bone transducers provide a relatively precise and repeatable stimulation, limitations can be encountered during measurements. The bone transducer's position on the skull influences the magnitude and repeatability of the OE because of the transcranial attenuation and the excitation of soft tissues surrounding the ear when placed on the mastoid process compared to the forehead (Klodd and Edgerton, 1977;Reinfeldt et al, 2013). The bone transducer's operation limits in the low-and high frequencies can also result in measurement artefacts due to acoustic radiation by the outer casing of the bone transducer (Reinfeldt et al, 2013;Shipton, 1980), which could contribute to the unoccluded ear SPL or to the unoccluded BC hearing threshold (Berger and Kerivan, 1983).…”

Section: A Stimulation Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a practical methodology for assessment of the objective occlusion effect induced by earplugs

Saint-Gaudens

Nélisse

Sgard

et al. 2022

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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The occlusion effect (OE) occurs when the earcanal becomes occluded by an in-ear device, sometimes leading to discomforts experienced by the users due to the augmented perception of physiological noises, or to a distorted perception of one's own voice. The OE can be assessed objectively by measuring the amplification of the low-frequency sound pressure level (SPL) in the earcanal using in-ear microphones. However, as revealed by methodological discrepancies found in past studies, the measurement of this objective occlusion effect (OEobj) is not standardized. With the goal of proposing a robust yet simple methodology adapted for field assessment, three experimental aspects are investigated: (i) stimulation source and the stimulus's characteristics to induce the phenomenon, (ii) measurement method of the SPL in earcanal, (iii) indicator to quantify the OEobj. To do so, OEobj is measured on human participants in laboratory conditions. Results obtained with a specific insert device suggest using the participant's own voice combined with simultaneous measurements of the SPLs based on the noise reduction method and using a single value indicator leads to a simple yet robust methodology to assess OEobj. Further research is necessary to validate the results with other devices and to generalize the methodology for field assessment.

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Occlusion effect: Bone Conduction speech audiometry using forehead and mastoid placement

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

Estimation of bone conduction skull transmission by hearing thresholds and ear-canal sound pressure

Estimation of bone conduction skull transmission by hearing thresholds and ear-canal sound pressure

A model of the occlusion effect with bone-conducted stimulation

Towards a practical methodology for assessment of the objective occlusion effect induced by earplugs

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