Enhancement of the tolerance ofArabidopsisto high temperatures by genetic engineering of the synthesis of glycinebetaine

Alia,; Hayashi, Hidenori; Sakamoto, Atsushi; Murata, Norio

doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00284.x

Cited by 183 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…So far, the strategy has been the utilization of the choline oxidation pathway. Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of choline to betaine have been introduced into many plants (1,10,12,17,22,28). However, the levels of betaine in the transgenic plants have been significantly lower than those in plants that naturally accumulate it, although in some cases improved stress tolerance has been reported.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Glycine Sarcosine N -Methyltransferase and Sarcosine Dimethylglycine N -Methyltransferase

Nyyssölä¹,

Reinikainen²,

Leisola³

2001

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Glycine betaine is accumulated in cells living in high salt concentrations to balance the osmotic pressure. Glycine sarcosine N-methyltransferase (GSMT) and sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase (SDMT) of Ectothiorhodospira halochloris catalyze the threefold methylation of glycine to betaine, with S-adenosylmethionine acting as the methyl group donor. These methyltransferases were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified, and some of their enzymatic properties were characterized. Both enzymes had high substrate specificities and pH optima near the physiological pH. No evidence of cofactors was found. The enzymes showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics for their substrates. The apparent K m and V max values were determined for all substrates when the other substrate was present in saturating concentrations. Both enzymes were strongly inhibited by the reaction product S-adenosylhomocysteine. Betaine inhibited the methylation reactions only at high concentrations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Glycine Sarcosine N -Methyltransferase and Sarcosine Dimethylglycine N -Methyltransferase

Nyyssölä¹,

Reinikainen²,

Leisola³

2001

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…L -1 . GB also acts as a thermoprotectant in plants, indeed the tolerance of Arabidopsis to high temperatures is enhanced by increasing the synthesis of GB [1]. It thus appears that GB is involved in thermoprotection through a mechanism controlling survival of cells facing heat stress, although no mechanism of action has so far been proposed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus thermotolerance

Gouesbet

Jan

Boyaval

2001

Lait

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-Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus is a lactic acid bacterium widely used in the dairy food industry. Since the industrial processes are a succession of constraints, it is essential to understand the behaviour of L. bulgaricus when facing usual stresses. The influence of heat stress was investigated on the viability of L. bulgaricus cells grown in a chemically defined medium. The susceptibility of cells to heat-shock was obvious only above 55 °C. We investigated the acquisition of thermotolerance as a result of exposure to a moderate heat-shock, and the acquisition of a crossstress-tolerance by exposure to a mild osmotic stress. When cells were submitted, before lethal temperature challenge (65 °C), to a heat pre-treatment at 50 °C or to a hyper-osmotic pre-treatment, the viability of cells increased. For the industrial strain RD 546, the addition of glycine betaine (GB) in 0.4 mol . L -1 NaCl during the pre-treatment decreased the acquired thermotolerance, while GB alone enhanced cell viability. The thermotolerance of the type strain was not influenced by GB. We demonstrated that the stress tolerance induced by a moderate heat-shock was dependent on protein synthesis, while the effect of GB on RD 546 thermotolerance was independent of such biosynthesis. Thermotolerance acquired in presence of GB depends on a strain-dependant mechanism that differs from the mechanism involved after a moderate heat-shock.heat-shock response / cross-protection / osmotic stress / betaine / thermoadaptation Résumé -Stress thermique et thermotolérance chez Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus est une bactérie lactique largement utilisée en industrie alimentaire. Les procédés industriels étant une succession de contraintes, il est essentiel de connaître le comportement de L. bulgaricus face aux stress rencontrés. L'influence du stress thermique sur la viabilité de 2 souches de L. bulgaricus, cultivées en milieu chimiquement défini, a été étudiée. La viabilité des cellules n'est affectée qu'au-delà de 55 °C. Les cellules acquièrent une thermotolérance vis-à-vis d'un choc thermique à 65 °C durant 10 min, c'est-à-dire une viabilité accrue, après exposition à un prétraitement thermique modéré à 50 °C ou un prétraitement hyperosmotique. Pour la

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“…Compatible solutes have a well-established role as osmoprotectants (17,30,63), but recently these compounds were also shown to confer thermoprotection both in microorganisms (21,23) and in plants (1,24). To test whether the potent osmoprotectant glycine betaine (10) could serve as a thermoprotectant in B. subtilis, we first tested the maximal growth temperature of the B. subtilis wild-type strain JH642 in a chemically defined minimal medium (SMM).…”

Section: Thermoprotection Of B Subtilis By Glycine Betainementioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoprotection of Bacillus subtilis by Exogenously Provided Glycine Betaine and Structurally Related Compatible Solutes: Involvement of Opu Transporters

2004

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Bacillus subtilis possesses five osmotically regulated transporters (Opu) for the uptake of various compatible solutes for osmoprotective purposes. We have now found that compatible solutes also function as thermoprotectants for B. subtilis. Low concentrations of glycine betaine enhanced the growth of the B. subtilis wild-type strain JH642 at its maximal growth temperature (52°C) but did not allow an extension of the upper growth limit. A similar enhancement in the growth of B. subtilis was also observed by the addition of several other compatible solutes that are structurally related to glycine betaine or by the addition of proline. Each of these compatible solutes was taken up under heat stress by the cell through the same Opu transporters that are used for their acquisition under osmostress conditions. Northern blot analysis revealed a moderate increase in transcription of the structural genes for each of the Opu transport systems in cells that were propagated at 52°C. In contrast, the uptake level of radiolabeled glycine betaine was very low under high-temperature growth conditions but nevertheless allowed the buildup of an intracellular glycine betaine pool comparable to that found in cells grown at 37°C in the absence of salt stress. Although exogenously added glutamate has only a limited osmoprotective potential for B. subtilis, it was found to be a very effective thermoprotectant. Collectively, our data demonstrate thermoprotection by a variety of compatible solutes in B. subtilis, thus ascribing a new physiological function for this class of compounds in this microorganism and broadening the physiological role of the known osmoprotectant uptake systems (Opu).

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Enhancement of the tolerance ofArabidopsisto high temperatures by genetic engineering of the synthesis of glycinebetaine

Cited by 183 publications

References 29 publications

Characterization of Glycine Sarcosine N -Methyltransferase and Sarcosine Dimethylglycine N -Methyltransferase

Characterization of Glycine Sarcosine N -Methyltransferase and Sarcosine Dimethylglycine N -Methyltransferase

Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus thermotolerance

Thermoprotection of Bacillus subtilis by Exogenously Provided Glycine Betaine and Structurally Related Compatible Solutes: Involvement of Opu Transporters

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