B-cell stimulation and prolonged immune deficiency are risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in people with AIDS

Grulich, Andrew E.; Wan, Xinan; Law, Matthew; Milliken, Sam; Lewis, Craig; Garsia, Roger; Gold, Julian; Finlayson, Robert; Cooper, David A.; Kaldor, John

doi:10.1097/00002030-200001280-00008

Cited by 132 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Available evidence suggests that UV exposure depresses the function of Th1 cells, which facilitate cell-mediated immune responses, while enhancing the activity of Th2 cells, which facilitate humoral immune responses. 42 In HIV infection, there is a broadly similar pattern of change, 43,44 , although with more extreme depression of Th1 responses, which, as noted above, is associated with an increased not a decreased risk of NHL. However, preliminary analyses of markers of immune function that we have measured in our study show significantly lower risks of NHL in people with histories of hayfever and food allergy (unpublished results), which are not confounded by sun exposure and are consistent with the balance of previous studies of NHL and history of allergy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Sun exposure may protect against non‐Hodgkin lymphoma: A case‐control study

Hughes

Armstrong

Vajdic

et al. 2004

Intl Journal of Cancer

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139

103

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Sun exposure may protect against non‐Hodgkin lymphoma: A case‐control study

Hughes

Armstrong

Vajdic

et al. 2004

Intl Journal of Cancer

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139

103

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“…The known risk factors for AIDS-related NHL in the HAART era are age, prolonged HIV infection, and prolonged immunodeficiency and B-cell stimulation (as indicated by increased serum globulin levels). 21,22 The roles of HIV and certain coinfecting viruses (especially Epstein-Barr virus and hepatitis C virus) require further assessment in large, prospective immunohistopathologic studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malignancy‐related causes of death in human immunodeficiency virus–infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy

Bonnet

Lewden

May

et al. 2004

Cancer

231

155

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BACKGROUNDBefore the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), malignancies accounted for less than 10% of all deaths among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients. This figure may have increased, and the observed types of malignant disease may have been modified, as a result of decreased occurrence of opportunistic infections, the chronicity of HIV infection, the possible oncogenic role of HIV itself, and the aging of the HIV‐infected population.METHODSAll French hospital wards involved in the management of HIV infection were asked to prospectively document the deaths of HIV‐infected patients in the year 2000. Underlying causes of death were defined using a standardized questionnaire.RESULTSOf a total of 964 deaths, 269 (28%) were attributable to malignancies. Acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS)‐related malignancies were the underlying cause of 149 deaths (15%); among these malignancies were non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 105 [11%]), noncerebral lymphoma (n = 78 [median CD4 count, 86 × 106 per liter; interquartile range [IQR], 35–231 × 106 per liter), and primary cerebral lymphoma (n = 27 [median CD4 count, 20 × 106 per liter; IQR, 4–109 × 106 per liter). Kaposi sarcoma was associated with 40 deaths (4%), and cervical carcinoma was associated with 5 (0.5%). Non‐AIDS‐related malignancies were the underlying cause of 120 deaths (13%); these non‐AIDS‐related malignancies included 103 solid tumors (50 respiratory tumors, 19 hepatocarcinomas, 9 digestive tumors, and 6 anal tumors; median CD4 count, 218 × 106 per liter; IQR, 108–380 × 106 per liter) and 17 hemopathies (12 Hodgkin lymphomas, 4 myeloid leukemias, and 1 myeloma; median CD4 count, 113 × 106 per liter; IQR, 56–286 × 106 per liter). Compared with patients who died of other causes, patients who died of solid tumors were more likely to be male, to smoke, to be older, and to have higher CD4 counts.CONCLUSIONSMalignant disease has been a major cause of death among HIV‐infected patients in industrialized nations since the introduction of HAART. Whereas lethal hemopathies and Kaposi sarcoma are associated with advanced immunosuppression, lethal solid tumors can occur in patients with controlled HIV infection. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.

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“…One sexually transmitted infection, HIV, is associated with greatly increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Risk is associated with the degree of immunodeficiency and chronic B-cell stimulation (16). Whether other sexually transmitted infections are associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific Infections, Infection-Related Behavior, and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Adults

Vajdic

Grulich

Kaldor

et al. 2006

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Infections were examined as possible risk factors for nonHodgkin lymphoma in a population-based case-control study in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Incident cases (n = 694) had no history of HIV infection or transplantation. Controls (n = 694) were randomly selected from electoral rolls and frequency matched to cases by age, sex, and area of residence. A postal questionnaire and telephone interview measured history of specific infections, occupational exposures, and behavioral and other risk factors for infection. Blood samples were tested for antibodies to human T-lymphotrophic virus type I and hepatitis C virus. Logistic regression models included the three matching variables and ethnicity. There was no association between risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and any of the variables analyzed, including sexually transmitted infections, sexual behavior, blood transfusions, influenza, acne, and either occupational or domestic exposure to zoonotic infections. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk was nonsignificantly elevated (odds ratio, 2.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.78-11.51) for those with a history of injecting drug use. Three cases and two controls (odds ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.22-7.98) tested positive to hepatitis C virus infection and none tested positive to human T-lymphotrophic virus type I/II infection. This study provides consistent evidence that sexually transmitted infections and zoonoses are not risk factors for nonHodgkin lymphoma. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(6):1102 -8)

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B-cell stimulation and prolonged immune deficiency are risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in people with AIDS

Cited by 132 publications

References 20 publications

Sun exposure may protect against non‐Hodgkin lymphoma: A case‐control study

Sun exposure may protect against non‐Hodgkin lymphoma: A case‐control study

Malignancy‐related causes of death in human immunodeficiency virus–infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy

Specific Infections, Infection-Related Behavior, and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Adults

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