B-Cell Precursors: Immunophenotypic Features in the Detection of Minimal Residual Disease in Acute Leukemia

Abstract

Minimal residual disease (MRD) as a tool to monitor response to therapy is both a criterion for detailed risk stratification and an independent prognostic factor in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Immunological assays particularly flow cytometry (FC) are priority methods in MRD monitoring. Multicolor flow cytometry makes it possible to most fully characterize the immunophenotype of tumor B lymphoblasts and reveal leukemia-associated immunophenotypes not only according to the CD58 and CD38 antigens but also as an additional criterion of aberrancy. This allows you to identify and select individual criteria for further monitoring of minimal residual disease for each patient with ALL. The aim of this chapter is to compare immunophenotyping features of normal B-cell precursors and B-lymphoblasts in acute leukemia and to show possibilities of use of a leukemiaassociated immunophenotype in monitoring of the MRD.

Multiparameter flow cytometry and ClonoSEQ correlation to evaluate precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemia measurable residual disease

“…CD10 can be expressed either stronger or dimmer/negative in B-lymphoblasts than expressed in hematogones. Our findings are similar to those reported by others [17]. Negant et al [18] also noted that the combined use of both markers is more useful in the differentiation between both populations than using either of them alone.…”

Comparison of Multiparameter Flow Cytometry and ClonoSEQ Studies for Precursor B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia Minimal Residual Disease Detection on Bone Marrow Samples

“…CD10 can be expressed either stronger or dimmer/ negative in B-lymphoblasts than expressed in hematogones. Our findings are similar to those reported by others [19]. Negant, et al [20] also noted that the combined use of both markers is more useful in the differentiation between both populations than using either of them alone.…”

Flow Cytometry in the Diagnostic Laboratory Workup of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemias

“…Additionally, they may express aberrant lineage markers like CD13, CD33, CD66c, CD15, CD56, and CD7 that aid in differentiating the B-leukemic blasts from hematogones. 4,6,7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] In 1995, the European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Leukemia (EGIL) proposed guidelines for diagnosing and subclassifying BCP-ALL based on immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. 18 According to the EGIL guidelines, B-lineage markers (CD19, CD20, CD22, and CD79a) and immaturity markers (CD34 and TdT) are used to diagnose BCP-ALL.…”

“…Additionally, they may express aberrant lineage markers like CD13, CD33, CD66c, CD15, CD56, and CD7 that aid in differentiating the B-leukemic blasts from hematogones. 4 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17…”