B cell class switching in intestinal immunity in health and disease

Abstract

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The mediation of the AHR/IL-22/STAT3/IL-6 axis by soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) peptide and Chinese pond turtle (Chinemys reevesii) peptide contributed to their amelioration effects on intestinal mucosal immunity in immunosuppressed mice

“…39 The TD of B cell differentiation requires the involvement of T follicular helper cells (Tfh cells), which are capable of releasing IgA-inducing cytokines like IL-10, TGF-β1, and IL-21. 41 In this study, however, none of these cytokines were affected by TP and TMP supplementation, which suggested that TP and TMP did not meditate the TD ways to trigger B cell activation. The other way of B cell differentiation in the lamina propria, TI way is regulated by dendritic cells (DCs).…”

“…To differentiate into the IgA + plasma cells, B cells in the lamina propria undergo two major physiological processes, i.e., activation of B cell differentiation and class switching recombination (CSR). 41 The BCR and its related signaling components determine the proliferation and activation of B cells. TP and TMP supplementation reversed the CTX-induced suppression on the mRNA expression of the α and β chains of BCR, CD79a and CD79b, respectively.…”

Evolutive emergence and divergence of an Ig regulatory node: An environmental sensor getting cues from the aryl hydrocarbon receptor?

“…CSR). Interleukin signaling and a network of transcriptional regulation promote CSR within the IgH gene to produce specific Ig isotypes (160,161). As discussed above, both internal and external factors likely influence these processes, perhaps because of selective pressure to allow more complex organisms to adapt to their environment.…”

Diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease according to human IgG4 and possibilities of evaluating efficacy of the therapy

“…However, application of the standard assays is significantly limited due to risk of trauma and invasiveness, especially in case of severe course and aggravation stages (Şimşek et al, 2016;Stepanov et al, 2021). Currently, there are non-invasive markers that are already being used to improve the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, but they do not always answer the questions of prognosis, evaluation of treatment efficacy, and therefore assays and use of new non-invasive biomarkers would improve both diagnostic and prognostic possibilities (Fleming et al, 2022;Chen et al, 2023). Such a biomarker could be IgG4.…”

“…Currently, non-invasive inflammation markers are used, such as fecal calprotein, myeloperoxidase, C-reactive protein, but the development of diagnostic criteria, study and introduction of new additional markers would only facilitate diagnosis and allow developing prediction criteria and tactics of treatment. A promising direction is the study of IgG4 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker (Şimşek et al, 2016;Stepanov et al, 2021;Fleming et al, 2022).…”