B and T lymphocyte attenuator exhibits structural and expression polymorphisms and is highly induced in anergic CD4+ T cells

Abstract

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Allergen‐specific immunotherapy alters the expression of B and T lymphocyte attenuator, a co‐inhibitory molecule, in allergic rhinitis

“…Similar to other co‐stimulatory molecules, the expression of BTLA is known to change upon activation [22, 25, 26, 28]. The expression of BTLA is up‐regulated on T cells and down‐regulated on B cells upon activation in mice [25, 28].…”

“…Similar to other co‐stimulatory molecules, the expression of BTLA is known to change upon activation [22, 25, 26, 28]. The expression of BTLA is up‐regulated on T cells and down‐regulated on B cells upon activation in mice [25, 28]. In humans, we have demonstrated constitutive BTLA expression on the surface of both CD4 and CD8T cells at high levels, which gradually declines after stimulation with anti‐CD3 and anti‐CD28 mAb [22].…”

Immunometabolic Regulations Mediated by Coinhibitory Receptors and Their Impact on T Cell Immune Responses

“…In contrast to other coinhibitory receptors, BTLA is moderately expressed on naïve T cells, transiently upregulated upon antigenic stimulation, and downregulated in activated T cells (176). BTLA is highly expressed in anergic T cells generated in vivo (177). Although BTLA has a different expression pattern from other coinhibitory receptors, extensive studies have showed that BTLA has a direct inhibitory effect on T cell proliferation and cytokine production.…”

Yeast surface display for protein engineering and characterization

“…Importantly, for antibody E16, whose structure in complex with its ligand was determined, the results of yeast-display epitope mapping studies [32 ,33] were validated by crystallographic data [33]. Other anti-bodies recently analyzed by this method include those against botulinum neurotoxin [37], the B and T lymphocyte attenuator [38], the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [39], and, in a case of serendipity, NY-ESO-1 [26]. While the examples cited here all represent antibody-antigen interactions, this technique should be applicable for dissecting proteinprotein interactions in general.…”