<b>A Kinetic Study of the Copper(II) Chelate-catalyzed Hydrolysis of Isopropyl Methylphosphonofluoridate (Sarin)</b>

Gustafson, Richard L.; Martell, Arthur E.

doi:10.1021/ja00871a007

Cited by 84 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…Because of its rapid evaporation, large-scale decontamination for GB is uLnniecessary (234). Decontamination of GB with aqueous acidic or alkaline solutions results in hydrolysis to the same products discussed previously, but at a much more rapid rate (13,346). For (347).…”

Section: Gamentioning

confidence: 70%

The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products.

Munro

Talmage

Griffin

et al. 1999

Environ Health Perspect

530

501

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We indude in this review an assessment of the formation, environmental fate, and mammalian and ecotoxicity of CW agent degradation products relevant to environmental and occupational health.These parent CW agents indude several vesicants: sulfur mustards [undistilled sulfur mustard (H), sulfur mustard (HD), and an HD/agent T mixture (HT)]; nitrogen mustards [ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN1), methylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN2), tris(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN3)], and Lewisite; four nerve agents {O0ethyl S.[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate (VX), tabun (GA), sarin (GB), and soman (GD)}; and the blood agent cyanogen chloride. The degradation processes considered here include hydrolysis, microbial degradation, oxidation, and photolysis. We also briefly address decontamination but not combustion processes. Because CW agents are generally not considered very persistent, certain degradation products of significant persistence, even those that are not particularly toxic, may indicate previous CW agent presence or that degradation has occurred. Of those products for which there are data on both environmental fate and toxicity, only a few are both environmentally persistent and highly toxic. Major degradation products estimated to be of significant persistence (weeks to years) indude thiodiglycol for HD; Lewisite oxide for Lewisite; and ethyl methyl phosphonic acid, methyl phosphonic acid, and possibly S.(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioic acid (EA 2192) for VX. Methyl phosphonic acid is also the ultimate hydrolysis product of both GB and GD. The GB product, isopropyl methylphosphonic acid, and a dosely related contaminant of GB, diisopropyl methylphosphonate, are also persistent. Of all of these compounds, only Lewisite oxide and EA 2192 possess high mammalian toxicity. Unlike other CW agents, suifur mustard agents (e.g., HD) are somewhat persistent; therefore, sites or conditions involving potential HD contamination should include an evaluation of both the agent and thiodiglycol.

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Section: Gamentioning

confidence: 70%

The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products.

Munro

Talmage

Griffin

et al. 1999

Environ Health Perspect

530

501

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“…The target sample is exposed to the extraction material which is dispersed on a substrate. The extraction phase that contains the target analytes can be directly connected to a GC or extracted with proper solvents [36][37][38][39].…”

Section: Extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nerve Agents and Their Detection

Kim¹,

Huh²

2014

Journal of Sensor Science and Technology

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Nerve agents are major chemical warfare agents with the "G series" and "V series" being the most widely known because of their lethal effect. Although not conspicuously used in major wars, the potential detrimental impact on modern society had been revealed from the sarin terror attack on Tokyo subway, which affected thousands of people. In this mini-review, major nerve agents of the "G series" and "V series" have been described along with various types of their detection methods. The physical properties and hydrolysis mechanisms of the major nerve agents are discussed since these are important factors to be considered in choosing detection methods, and specifying the procedures for sample preparations in order to enhance detection precision. Various types of extraction methods, including liquid-phase, solid-phase, gas-phase and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), are described. Recent development in the use of gas sensors for detecting nerve agents is also summarized.

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“…Hydrolysis rates are dependent on temperature, pH, and water quality, and estimated half-lives under ambient conditions are in the range of several days [10]. GB hydrolyzes under acidic and basic conditions, and metal ions catalyze the hydrolysis of G-agents such as GB [48].…”

Section: Environmental Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the half-life of GB is 0.5 minutes at pH 11 and 25 o C [48]. Aqueous sodium hydroxide has been used as a standard method for the decontamination of bulk GB from munitions [21].…”

Section: Decontaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation and Decontamination

Talmage¹,

Watson²,

Hauschild³

et al. 2007

COC

116

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The decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWA) from structures, environmental media, and even personnel has become an area of particular interest in recent years due to increased homeland security concerns. In addition to terrorist attacks, scenarios such as accidental releases of CWA from U.S. stockpile sites or from historic, buried munitions are also subjects for response planning. To facilitate rapid identification of practical and effective decontamination approaches, this paper reviews pathways of CWA degradation by natural means as well as those resulting from deliberately applied solutions and technologies; these pathways and technologies are compared and contrasted. We then review various technologies, both traditional and recent, with some emphasis on decontamination materials used for surfaces that are difficult to clean. Discussion is limited to the major threat CWA, namely sulfur mustard (HD, bis[2-chloroethyl]sulfide), VX (O-ethyl S-[2-diisopropylaminoethyl] methylphosphonothioate), and the Gseries nerve agents. The principal G-agents are GA (tabun, ethyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate), GB (sarin, isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate), and GD (soman, pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate). The chemical decontamination pathways of each agent are outlined, with some discussion of intermediate and final degradation product toxicity. In all cases, and regardless of the CWA degradation pathway chosen for decontamination, it will be necessary to collect and analyze pertinent environmental samples during the treatment phase to confirm attainment of clearance levels.

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A Kinetic Study of the Copper(II) Chelate-catalyzed Hydrolysis of Isopropyl Methylphosphonofluoridate (Sarin)

Cited by 84 publications

References 0 publications

The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products.

The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products.

Nerve Agents and Their Detection

Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation and Decontamination

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