Azine Dyes

Berneth, Horst

doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_213.pub3

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 208 publications

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“…Although OPD is banned for use in hair dye products, it is still a very important precursor for pesticides. Studies showed that 2,3-phenazinediamine is formed during the synthesis of the pesticides carbendazim and benomyl. , Moreover, both 2,3- and 2,8-phenazinediamine are precursors of diaminophenazine-based safranin and indulin dyes . These dyes were found to be produced in the industrial area of Bitterfeld, which could be a plausible source of these contaminants in the river.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Identification of Mutagenic Aromatic Amines in River Samples with Industrial Wastewater Impact

Muz

Dann

Jäger³

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Aromatic amines are one of the most important classes of compounds contributing to surface water mutagenicity due to their widespread occurrence as precursors and transformation products of dyes, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other compound classes. In this study, we implemented a workflow including novel analytical and data evaluation methods aiming to identify aromatic amines in six mutagenic wastewater effluents from a chemical-industrial area in Germany, collected by the passive sampler Blue Rayon. We identified 14 amines including the two potent mutagenic aromatic amines 2,3- and 2,8-phenazinediamine, which were reported for the first time as environmental contaminants. These two isomers accounted between 4.2 and 86% of the mutagenicity of the blue rayon extracts and may be byproducts of dye production at the studied site.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Identification of Mutagenic Aromatic Amines in River Samples with Industrial Wastewater Impact

Muz

Dann

Jäger³

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Photosensitizers belonging to different chemical classes have been studied for microbiological eradication, such as halogenated xanthenes (Rose Bengal), phenothiazines (toluidine blue and MB), acridines and conjugated chlorine . MB disinfection properties are well known since the beginning of the 20th century, capable of sterilizing hospital material from most pathogens .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological Decontamination of Water: Improving the Solar Disinfection Technique (SODIS) with the Use of Nontoxic Vital Dye Methylene Blue

Cardoso-Rurr

Paiva

Paulino-Lima

et al. 2018

Photochem & Photobiology

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Rational use of water is a major challenge for governments and global organizations, with easy and inexpensive interventions being sought by communities that are not supplied with drinking water. In this context, solar disinfection (SODIS) has shown great efficiency for water disinfection. To speed up the process and improve inactivation, we studied the effects of methylene blue (MB) as a photodynamic agent because of its ability to absorb visible light (red wavelength) and generate singlet oxygen as a reactive species, thereby inactivating bacteria and viruses present in water. In this study, samples of clean mineral water were artificially contaminated with Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis or Deinococcus radiodurans) or with Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium) and exposed to traditional SODIS or to MB-SODIS. A lethal synergistic effect was observed when cultures were illuminated in the presence of MB. The obtained results indicate that bacterial inactivation can be achieved in a much shorter time when using MB associated with SODIS treatment. Therefore, this technique was able to provide safe water for consumption through the inactivation of microorganisms in general, including pathogens and some strains resistant to the traditional SODIS procedure, thus allowing its use in areas usually less exposed to sunlight.

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“…This dye was synthesized by Heinrich Caro in 1876 and was applied as an antimalarial among other medical conditions. Later, Heinrich August Bernthsen developed the synthesis of phenothiazine and defined its structure [ 9 ]. He obtained this product through heating diphenylamine and sulfur until the evolution of hydrogen sulfide ceased [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Phenothiazine Hybrids with Potential Medicinal Interest: A Review

et al. 2022

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The molecular hybridization approach has been used to develop compounds with improved efficacy by combining two or more pharmacophores of bioactive scaffolds. In this context, hybridization of various relevant pharmacophores with phenothiazine derivatives has resulted in pertinent compounds with diverse biological activities, interacting with specific or multiple targets. In fact, the development of new drugs or drug candidates based on phenothiazine system has been a promising approach due to the diverse activities associated with this tricyclic system, traditionally present in compounds with antipsychotic, antihistaminic and antimuscarinic effects. Actually, the pharmacological actions of phenothiazine hybrids include promising antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, analgesic and multi-drug resistance reversal properties. The present review summarizes the progress in the development of phenothiazine hybrids and their biological activity.

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Azine Dyes

Cited by 17 publications

References 208 publications

Identification of Mutagenic Aromatic Amines in River Samples with Industrial Wastewater Impact

Identification of Mutagenic Aromatic Amines in River Samples with Industrial Wastewater Impact

Microbiological Decontamination of Water: Improving the Solar Disinfection Technique (SODIS) with the Use of Nontoxic Vital Dye Methylene Blue

Development of Phenothiazine Hybrids with Potential Medicinal Interest: A Review

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