Azaporphyrins Embedded on Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Potential Use in Electrochemical Sensing—A Review

Abstract

Phthalocyanines and porphyrazines as macrocyclic aza-analogues of well-known porphyrins were deposited on diverse carbon-based nanomaterials and investigated as sensing devices. The extended π-conjugated electron system of these macrocycles influences their ability to create stable hybrid systems with graphene or carbon nanotubes commonly based on π–π stacking interactions. During a 15-year period, the electrodes modified by deposition of these systems have been applied for the determination of diverse analytes, such as food pollutants, heavy metals, catecholamines, thiols, glucose, peroxides, some active pharmaceutical ingredients, and poisonous gases. These procedures have also taken place, on occasion, in the presence of various polymers, ionic liquids, and other moieties. In the review, studies are presented that were performed for sensing purposes, involving azaporphyrins embedded on graphene, graphene oxide or carbon nanotubes (both single and multi-walled ones). Moreover, possible methods of electrode fabrication, limits of detection of each analyte, as well as examples of macrocyclic compounds applied as sensing materials, are critically discussed.

Hybrid Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor for the Multi-Parameter Measurements

“…In recent years, the over-spraying of pesticides onto crops has escalated the pesticide contamination of food products and water bodies, as well as disturbing ecological and environmental systems [ 240 ]. The optical-sensing strategy offers high sensitivity and selectivity, allowing for the rapid detection of pesticides and heavy metal ions [ 241 , 242 ]. It is possible to develop specialty sensing fibers or to manufacture optical fibers with microstructures and carbon-coating, which is employed in a hybrid DOFS measurement scenario.…”

A Review of the Current State of Magnetic Force Microscopy to Unravel the Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials Applied in Biological Systems and Future Directions for Quantum Technologies

“…Porphyrins are considered to be a subgroup of metalloenzymes since porphyrins also bind metal ions as part of their active sites. Well-defined porphyrin structures with controllable size and morphology exhibit great potential as electrochemical sensors [ 231 ], mediators of photocatalytic reactions [ 232 ], or chelating agents for molecular imaging [ 233 ]. Porphyrins treasure the property to create spontaneous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) when a metal ion is present in the media [ 234 ].…”

Highly Stable Hybrid Pigments Prepared from Organic Chromophores and Fluorinated Hydrotalcites

“…Fortunately, hybrid materials can be designed from various components in order to achieve original properties in a single material [8][9][10]. In this context, it is documented that hybrid pigments can be prepared from several sources of color, such as anthocyanins, betalains, and azoic dyes, among others [11,12]. These dyes are stabilized onto the surface of an inorganic…”