Axonal transport of organelles visualized by light microscopy: Cinemicrographic and computer analysis

Forman, David S.; Padjen, Ante L.; Siggins, George R.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90798-3

Cited by 87 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Examples of moving mitochondria in control and dt cultures are shown in Figure 5 and in the supplemental data. Consistent with previously published results (Smith, 1972;Forman et al, 1977;Allen et al, 1982;Forman et al, 1987), a large proportion of mitochondria remained stationary but mov- ing mitochondria moved bidirectionally and stopped frequently. The speeds at which mitochondria traveled were calculated from their positions in consecutive frames.…”

Section: Video-microscopic Analysis Of Mitochondrial Movement In Dt Ssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Synaptic vesicles travel in the anterograde direction by fast axonal transport (Dahlström, 1967;Dahlström et al, 1981;Schroer et al, 1985) whereas mitochondria travel bidirectionally (Smith, 1972;Forman et al, 1977;Allen et al, 1982;Forman et al, 1987). mRNA encoding ␤-actin is localized by a microtubule-dependent mechanism to neuronal processes and growth cones, leading to localized expression of the protein (Bassell et al, 1994(Bassell et al, , 1998.…”

Section: Normal Distribution Of Synaptic Vesicles and Mitochondria Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trafficking of macromolecules and organelles in cultured Dystonia musculorum sensory neurons is normal

Pool¹,

Rippstein

McBride

et al. 2005

J of Comparative Neurology

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Dystonia musculorum (dt) mice suffer from a recessive neuropathy characterized by the progressive loss of sensory axons. The gene responsible for this disorder, dystonin/Bpag1, encodes several alternatively spliced forms of a cytoskeletal linker protein. Neural isoforms of dystonin/Bpag1 are predicted to link actin filaments to microtubules. Consistent with this, previous observations have demonstrated that the cytoskeleton within sensory neurites of dt mice is perturbed. Also, recent results have indicated that a neural isoform of dystonin/Bpag1 interacts with the dynein motor complex. Because microtubule organization and dynein motor function are essential for trafficking, we hypothesized that this process would be perturbed in dt sensory neurons. Here, we demonstrate that cultured primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons express dystonin/Bpag1 and that loss of this expression causes an increase in apoptosis and a decrease in average neurite length. In contrast, detailed examination showed that the organization of microtubules is indistinguishable in DRG neuronal cultures from neonatal dt and wild-type mice. In addition, the steady-state distribution of several molecules and organelles is unchanged in these cultures. Furthermore, the speeds of mitochondrial movement in both anterograde and retrograde directions were comparable in dt and wild-type sensory neurons cultured from neonatal mice. Thus, dystonin/Bpag1 is not essential for microtubule network assembly since the microtubule network is intact in short-term cultures of sensory neurons from neonatal mice lacking this protein. In addition, dystonin/Bpag1 is not an essential part of the dynein motor complex for mitochondrial transport since mitochondrial trafficking is normal in cultured sensory neurons from dt mice.

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Section: Video-microscopic Analysis Of Mitochondrial Movement In Dt Ssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Normal Distribution Of Synaptic Vesicles and Mitochondria Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trafficking of macromolecules and organelles in cultured Dystonia musculorum sensory neurons is normal

Pool¹,

Rippstein

McBride

et al. 2005

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…This is probably due to the presence of a much more prominent cytoskeleton. Thus the situation that in axonal transport the "active" nature of organelle movement was recognized very early [Burdwood, 1965;Breuer et al, 1975;Forman et al, 1977;see Smith, 1982 for review].…”

Section: A Preliminary Classification Of Active Motion Based On Qualimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This resulted in stops but only very rarely in reversals of direction. This type was classified as "interrupted motion, type I" and represents most of what could be seen in axons by using conventional microscopy [Burdwood, 1965;Breuer et al, 1975;Forman et al, 1977;see Smith, 1982 for review].…”

Section: A Preliminary Classification Of Active Motion Based On Qualimentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a new classification of intracellular particle movements based on quantitative analyses

Weiss¹,

Keller²,

Gulden³

et al. 1986

Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton

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A survey study of organelle movements in a variety of cell types of plant and animal origin was made with the aid of video-enhanced contrast, differential interference contrast (AVEC-DIC) microscopy followed by fine analysis of the motile behavior of the individual organelles. We found that there exists besides Brownian motion a wide spectrum of active motions in cells, i.e. motion that is directionally biased through the expenditure of metabolic energy. The types of active motion seen range from a continuous motion (sometimes appearing as streaming) in plant cells and neurons to various types of less ordered and less well directed motion. We did not see any clear-cut qualitative difference between plant and animal cells or between systems presumed to be actin- and microtubule-based. A preliminary classification of the types of active motion is presented. The ongoing research activities, which aim at a more precise definition of the different types of motion by a set of quantitative parameters, are described, and the progress made so far is reported.

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“…22 They move infrequently but are able to travel bidirectionally with velocities that vary from moment to moment. 23 Evidence from the study of mitochondrial enzymes points overall to both slow and rapid movement of mitochondria, with a net retrograde transport. 6 Intraaxonal movement of mitochondria is blocked by anoxia, agents that impair oxidative phosphorylation, and spindle inhibitors.…”

Section: 2 Axonal Mitochondriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical Mechanisms Underlying Primary Degeneration of Axons

Spencer

Miller

Ross

et al. 1985

Alterations of Metabolites in the Nervous System

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Axonal transport of organelles visualized by light microscopy: Cinemicrographic and computer analysis

Cited by 87 publications

References 35 publications

Trafficking of macromolecules and organelles in cultured Dystonia musculorum sensory neurons is normal

Trafficking of macromolecules and organelles in cultured Dystonia musculorum sensory neurons is normal

Towards a new classification of intracellular particle movements based on quantitative analyses

Biochemical Mechanisms Underlying Primary Degeneration of Axons

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