Axillary Nerve Injury

Perlmutter, Gary S.

doi:10.1097/00003086-199911000-00005

Cited by 125 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…3,12,14,16,17,21,23 During this six-month period, treatment should include NSAIDs, therapeutic exercise, manual therapy, and restriction of activities that produce symptoms. Glenohumeral joint mobilization, rotator cuff and scapular strengthening, cross-friction massage, and posterior capsule stretching have been found to provide beneficial effects.…”

Section: Conservative Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A key rehabilitation goal should be prevention of joint contractures through preservation of the maximum range of motion. 21 Weakness of the deltoid and teres minor is commonly associated with QSS, which can lead to abnormal arthrokinematics of the shoulder complex and secondary conditions (e.g., subacromial impingement). Strengthening of the rotator cuff and scapular stabilizers should begin with isometric exercises and progress to concentric exercises.…”

Section: Conservative Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Strengthening of the rotator cuff and scapular stabilizers should begin with isometric exercises and progress to concentric exercises. 14, 21 Hoskins et al 14 suggested that the posterior capsule should be addressed as part of the cause of a dysfunctional arthrokinematic pattern of motion. A treatment plan to address this consideration may include posterior and inferior glide joint mobilization techniques.…”

Section: Conservative Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quadrilateral Space Syndrome

Chen

Cai²,

G³

et al. 2011

Imaging of Pain

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Section: Conservative Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conservative Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conservative Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Quadrilateral Space Syndrome

Chen

Cai²,

G³

et al. 2011

Imaging of Pain

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“…Therefore, such an injury may not be diagnosed directly after the trauma; instead the diagnosis is often set after an extensive amount of time when deltoid muscle has atrophied and the patient show subsequent shoulder weakness [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The success rate increases when reconstructive surgery is performed early after trauma [5]. However, the praxis of indication for surgery today is to wait three to six months, evaluate any spontaneous nerve recovery and operate if no recovery is found [9,10,13], although favorable results have also been shown when nerve reconstruction is further delayed [1,2,9,14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Axillary nerve injury in young adults—An overlooked diagnosis? Early results of nerve reconstruction and nerve transfers

Dahlin¹,

Coster²,

Björkman³

et al. 2012

Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery

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Axillary nerve injury in young adults-An overlooked diagnosis? Early results of nerve reconstruction and nerve transfers.Dahlin, Lars; Cöster, Marcus; Björkman, Anders; Backman, Clas Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Dahlin, L., Cöster, M., Björkman, A., & Backman, C. (2012). Axillary nerve injury in young adults-An overlooked diagnosis? Early results of nerve reconstruction and nerve transfers. Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 46(3-4), 257-261. DOI: 10.3109/2000656X.2012.698415 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Ten male young adults (median age at trauma 13 years, range 9-24) with an axillary nerve injury were diagnosed by examination of shoulder function and electromyography (EMG).The patients had either a nerve reconstruction procedure or were treated conservatively and their recovery was monitored.The axillary nerve was explored and reconstructed at a median of eight months (range 1-22 months) after trauma in 8/10 patients. Two patients were treated non-operatively. In 4/8 cases, a reconstruction with sural nerve graft was performed and in 1/8 case only exploration of the nerve was made (minor neuroma). In 3/8 cases a radial nerve branch transfer to the axillary nerve was chosen as the procedure. The shoulder was mobilized after three weeks with physiotherapy and the patients were monitored regularly. Functional recovery was observed in 9/10 cases (median follow up 11 months, range 7-64) with EMG signs of reinnervation in 7patients.Axillary nerve function should not be overlooked in young patients with a minor shoulder trauma. Nerve reconstruction can successfully recreate function.

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Innervation patterns of the inferior glenohumeral ligament: Anatomical and biomechanical relevance

et al. 2006

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Although the Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament (IGHL) has a well known mechanical and proprioceptive relevance in shoulder stability, the interrelation of the ligament's anatomical disposition/innervation has not actually been described previously. The purpose of the study was to determine the IGHL innervation patterns and relate them to dislocation. Forty-five embalmed and 16 fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders were studied. Masson's Trichrome staining detailed the intraligamentous nerve fiber arrangements. The effect on the articular nerves of an anteroinferior dislocation of the shoulder joint and the position of 60 degrees abduction and 45 degrees external rotation was studied dynamically. The axillary nerve provided IGHL innervation in 95.08% of the cases. We saw two distinct innervation patterns originating from the axillary nerve. In Type 1, one or two collaterals diverged later from the main trunk to enter the ligament. Type 2 showed innervation to the ligament provided by the posterior branch for three to four neural branches. In both cases, these branches enter the ligament near the glenoid rim and at the 7 o'clock position (right shoulder). The radial nerve (Type 3 innervation pattern) provided IGHL innervation in 3.28% of the cases. Microscopic analysis revealed wavy intraligamentous neural branches. The articular branches relaxed and separated from the capsule at the apprehension position and stayed intact after dislocation. These results showed a special predisposition to avoid possible denervation and suggested that the neural arch probably remains unaffected after most dislocations. Knowledge of the neural anatomy of the shoulder will clearly help in avoiding its injury in surgical procedures.

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Axillary Nerve Injury

Cited by 125 publications

References 23 publications

Quadrilateral Space Syndrome

Quadrilateral Space Syndrome

Axillary nerve injury in young adults—An overlooked diagnosis? Early results of nerve reconstruction and nerve transfers

Innervation patterns of the inferior glenohumeral ligament: Anatomical and biomechanical relevance

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