Axillary bud proliferation of 2 North American oak species: Quercus alba and Quercus rubra

Schwarz, Otto; Schlarbaum, SE

doi:10.1051/forest:19930737

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…All attempts to micropropagate white oak (Q. alba) or swamp white oak (Q. bicolor) have been unsuccessful. Shoot cultures initiated from terminal and lateral buds of white oak seedlings died through gradual loss of vigor (Schwarz and Schlarbaum 1993). Shoot tip necrosis, dormancy, and decline of shoot growth are common problems described as affecting micropropagation of red oak from juvenile seedling material .…”

Section: In Vitro Tissue Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

Application of biotechnological tools to Quercus improvement

et al. 2011

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The genus Quercus, which belongs to the family Fagaceae, is native to the northern hemisphere and includes deciduous and evergreen species. The trees of the different species are very important from both economic and ecological perspectives. Application of new technological approaches (which span the fields of plant developmental biology, genetic transformation, conservation of elite germplasm and discovery of genes associated with complex multigenic traits) to these long-rotation hardwoods may be of interest for accelerating tree improvement programs. This review provides a summary of the advances made in the application of biotechnological tools to specific oak species. Significant progress has been made in the area of clonal propagation via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (SE). Standardized procedures have been developed for micropropagating the most important European (Q. robur, Q. petarea, Q. suber) and American (Q. alba, Q. bicolor, Q. rubra) oaks by axillary shoot growth. Although regenerated plantlets are grown in experimental trials, large-scale propagation of oak species has not been carried out. The induction of SE in oaks from juvenile explants is generally not problematic, although the use of explants other than zygotic embryos is much less efficient. During the last decade, enormous advances have been made in inducing SE from selected adult trees, mainly specimens of pedunculate oak (Q. robur) and cork oak (Q. suber). Advances in the understanding of the maturation and germination steps are required for better use of embryogenic process in clonal forestry. Quercus species are late-maturing and late-flowering, exhibit irregular seed set, and produce seeds that are recalcitrant to storage by conventional procedures. Vitrification-based cryopreservation techniques were used successfully in somatic embryos of pedunculate oak and cork oak, and an applied genbank of cork oak selected genotypes is now under development. The feasibility of genetic transformation of pedunculate oak and cork oak somatic embryos by means of co-culture techniques with several strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens has also been demonstrated. To date, most research on the genomics of Quercus species has concerned population genetics. Approaches using functional genomics to examine the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control organogenesis and or somatic embryogenesis are still scarce, and efforts on the isolation and characterization of genes related to other specific traits should be intensified in the near future, as this would help improve the practical application of clonal forestry in recalcitrant species such as oaks.

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Section: In Vitro Tissue Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

Application of biotechnological tools to Quercus improvement

et al. 2011

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“…However, North American oak species, with their characteristic strong episodic seasonal shoot growth, are highly problematic for clonal micropropagation via axillary shoot multiplication (McCown 2000;Merkle and Nairn 2005). Shoot tip necrosis, gradual loss of vigour and decline of shoot growth are common problems (McCown 2000) affecting the micropropagation of Q. alba and Q. rubra material (Schwarz and Schlarbaum 1993;Vengadesan and Pijut 2007). The potential for initiating and proliferating shoot cultures derived from Q. rubra, Q. alba and Q. bicolor explants was recently investigated, and a micropropagation method was developed for these species (Vieitez et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of somatic embryogenesis from different explants of shoot cultures derived from young Quercus alba trees

Corredoira

San-José

Viéitez

2011

Trees

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The induction of somatic embryogenesis from shoot apices and leaf explants of shoot cultures derived from 6-to 7-year-old white oak (Quercus alba L.) trees is reported in this study. Embryogenic response was obtained in two out of the three genotypes evaluated with embryo induction frequencies up to 50.7% for WOQ-1 and 3.4% for WOQ-5 genotypes. The embryogenic explants formed translucent nodular structures and cotyledonary-stage somatic embryos, which developed from callus tissue, indicating an indirect embryogenesis process. An efficient procedure was developed for WOQ-1 material on the basis of the most appropriate leaf developmental stage. Growing leaves excised from two nodes below the shoot apex showed the highest embryogenic induction index. These leaves contain cells in an undifferentiated state, as shown by the presence of precursor cells of stomata, absence of intercellular spaces and low starch content in the mesophyll cells. Nodular structures and/or somatic embryos began to arise 7-8 weeks after culture initiation, although most emerged after 9-12 weeks in culture. The sequence of application of media for somatic embryo induction was optimized with a two-step procedure consisting of culturing the explants in medium supplemented with 21.48 lM NAA and 2.22 lM BA for 8 weeks and transfer of explants into plant growth regulator-free medium for another 12 weeks. Clonal embryogenic lines were established and maintained by secondary embryogenesis. Embryo germination (30%) and plantlet conversion (16.6%) were achieved after cold storage for 2 months.

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“…Examples include Q. robur, Q. petraea and Q. suber in Europe (Savill and Kanowski 1993), and Q. rubra (northern red oak) and Q. alba (white oak) in North America (Schwarz and Schlarbaum 1993). For these and other oak species seed production may be inadequate for operational requirements as good harvests are possible only every 2-5 years and seed storage is difficult (Vengadesan and Pijut 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As far as we know, all attempts to micropropagate Q. alba (Schwarz and Schlarbaum 1993) or the related species Q. bicolor (swamp white oak) have been unsuccessful (Gingas 1991). Schwarz and Schlarbaum (1993) reported that even uncontaminated shoot cultures initiated from terminal and lateral buds of young Q. alba seedlings died through gradual loss of vigor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro regeneration of the important North American oak species Quercus alba, Quercus bicolor and Quercus rubra

Viéitez

Corredoira

Ballester

et al. 2009

Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult

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North American oak species, with their characteristic strong episodic seasonal shoot growth, are highly problematic for clonal micropropagation, resulting in the inability to achieve a stabilized shoot multiplication stage. The potential for initiating and proliferating shoot cultures derived from Quercus alba, Q. bicolor and Q. rubra explants was investigated, and a micropropagation method for these species was developed. Branch segments from 6 to 7-year-old trees were forced-flushed and the forced shoots were used as source of explants for culture initiation. A consistent shoot multiplication stage was achieved, in 13 of the 15 genotypes established in vitro, although marked differences occurred in explants from different genotypes/species. The control of efficient shoot multiplication involved the culture of decapitated shoots in a stressful horizontal position on cytokinin-containing medium with a sequence of transfers within a 6-week subculture cycle, which was beneficial to overcoming the episodic character of shoot growth. During each subculture cycle, the horizontally placed explants were cultured on media containing 0.2 mg l -1 benzyladenine (BA) for 2 weeks with two successive transfers (2 weeks each) to fresh medium with 0.1 mg l -1 BA, giving a 6-week subculture cycle. The general appearance and vigor of Q. alba and Q. bicolor shoot cultures were improved by the inclusion of both 0.1 mg l -1 BA and 0.5 mg l -1 zeatin in the medium used for the second transfer within the 6-week subculture cycle. Addition of AgNO 3 (3 mg l -1 ) to the shoot proliferation medium of Q. rubra had a significant positive effect on shoot development pattern by reducing deleterious symptoms, including shoot tip necrosis and early senescence of leaves. The three species showed acceptable in vitro rooting rates by culturing microcuttings in medium containing 25 mg l -1 indolebutyric acid for 48 h with subsequent transfer to auxin-free medium supplemented with 0.4% activated charcoal. Although an initial 5-day dark period generally improved the rooting response, it was detrimental to the quality of regenerated plantlets. However, activated charcoal stimulated not only the rooting frequencies, but it also enhanced plant quality, as evidenced by root, shoot and leaf growth.

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Axillary bud proliferation of 2 North American oak species: Quercus alba and Quercus rubra

Cited by 14 publications

References 1 publication

Application of biotechnological tools to Quercus improvement

Application of biotechnological tools to Quercus improvement

Induction of somatic embryogenesis from different explants of shoot cultures derived from young Quercus alba trees

In vitro regeneration of the important North American oak species Quercus alba, Quercus bicolor and Quercus rubra

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