Axial Length Increase in Lid-Sutured Rabbits

Verolino, Marco; Nastri, G; Sellitti, Luigi; Costagliola, Ciro

doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(99)00087-9

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A range of animal models have demonstrated that complete visual obscuration by lid suture (in chicks, mice, rabbits, tree shrews, marmosets and rhesus monkeys) or the deprivation of form vision using translucent filters (diffusers) (in fish, mice, guinea pigs and rhesus monkeys) typically results in excessive axial elongation and myopia. Similarly, humans with unilateral visual obstruction from congenital ptosis, cataract, corneal opacity or vitreous haemorrhage also typically develop axial myopia due to form deprivation.…”

Section: Visual Regulation Of Eye Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 Exposure of the eye to different visual experiences can disrupt emmetropisation, which suggests that the eye also uses visual input to actively influence eye growth in humans. 23 A range of animal models have demonstrated that complete visual obscuration by lid suture (in chicks, 24 mice, 25 rabbits, 26 tree shrews, 27 marmosets 28 and rhesus monkeys 29 ) or the deprivation of form vision using translucent filters (diffusers) (in fish, 30 mice, 31 guinea pigs 32 and rhesus monkeys 33 ) typically results opacity 36 or vitreous haemorrhage 37 also typically develop axial myopia due to form deprivation. First reported by Schaeffel et al 38 in the chick model, imposed defocus also results in predictable bidirectional changes in eye growth in a variety of species.…”

Section: Visual Regulation Of Eye Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Higher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review

Hughes

Vincent

Read

et al. 2020

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Evidence from animal and human studies suggests that ocular growth is influenced by visual experience. Reduced retinal image quality and imposed optical defocus result in predictable changes in axial eye growth. Higher order aberrations are optical imperfections of the eye that alter retinal image quality despite optimal correction of spherical defocus and astigmatism. Since higher order aberrations reduce retinal image quality and produce variations in optical vergence across the entrance pupil of the eye, they may provide optical signals that contribute to the regulation and modulation of eye growth and refractive error development. The magnitude and type of higher order aberrations vary with age, refractive error, and during near work and accommodation. Furthermore, distinctive changes in higher order aberrations occur with various myopia control treatments, including atropine, near addition spectacle lenses, orthokeratology and soft multifocal and dual‐focus contact lenses. Several plausible mechanisms have been proposed by which higher order aberrations may influence axial eye growth, the development of refractive error, and the treatment effect of myopia control interventions. Future studies of higher order aberrations, particularly during childhood, accommodation, and treatment with myopia control interventions are required to further our understanding of their potential role in refractive error development and eye growth.

show abstract

Section: Visual Regulation Of Eye Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Visual Regulation Of Eye Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review

Hughes

Vincent

Read

et al. 2020

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Tokoro was the first to show that myopia can be induced experimentally in rabbits by increasing intraocular pressure and temperature using atropine. Verolino demonstrated that rabbits can also develop deprivation myopia. The myopic shift and vitreous chamber/axial elongation in lid‐sutured rabbit eyes can be reduced by intravitreal injection of dopamine .…”

Section: Other Myopia Models ‐ Tilapia Zebrafish Kestrel Rabbitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal models in myopia research

Schaeffel

Feldkaemper

2015

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

144

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Our current understanding of the development of refractive errors, in particular myopia, would be substantially limited had Wiesel and Raviola not discovered by accident that monkeys develop axial myopia as a result of deprivation of form vision. Similarly, if Josh Wallman and colleagues had not found that simple plastic goggles attached to the chicken eye generate large amounts of myopia, the chicken model would perhaps not have become such an important animal model. Contrary to previous assumptions about the mechanisms of myopia, these animal models suggested that eye growth is visually controlled locally by the retina, that an afferent connection to the brain is not essential and that emmetropisation uses more sophisticated cues than just the magnitude of retinal blur. While animal models have shown that the retina can determine the sign of defocus, the underlying mechanism is still not entirely clear. Animal models have also provided knowledge about the biochemical nature of the signal cascade converting the output of retinal image processing to changes in choroidal thickness and scleral growth; however, a critical question was, and still is, can the results from animal models be applied to myopia in children? While the basic findings from chickens appear applicable to monkeys, some fundamental questions remain. If eye growth is guided by visual feedback, why is myopic development not self-limiting? Why does undercorrection not arrest myopic progression even though positive lenses induce myopic defocus, which leads to the development of hyperopia in emmetropic animals? Why do some spectacle or contact lens designs reduce myopic progression and others not? It appears that some major differences exist between animals reared with imposed defocus and children treated with various optical corrections, although without the basic knowledge obtained from animal models, we would be lost in an abundance of untestable hypotheses concerning human myopia.

show abstract

“…This belief was first challenged by Donders who concluded that myopia was caused by tension in the eyes with near work. Later, it was discovered that myopia could be induced in the lab with eyelid closure in many different types of animals, demonstrating an unmistakable environmental effect on eye growth in macaque monkeys; tree shrew; chick; grey squirrel; marmoset; piglet; rabbit; mouse; and in humans . One of the more surprising discoveries on this subject was the finding that these growth changes could be restricted to the part of the visual field that was deprived of spatial visioneven with optic nerve section .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of luminance and chromatic cues in emmetropisation

Rucker

2013

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Citation information: Rucker FJ. The role of luminance and chromatic cues in emmetropisation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013, 33, 196- Abstract Purpose: At birth most, but not all eyes, are hyperopic. Over the course of the first few years of life the refraction gradually becomes close to zero through a process called emmetropisation. This process is not thought to require accommodation, though a lag of accommodation has been implicated in myopia development, suggesting that the accuracy of accommodation is an important factor. This review will cover research on accommodation and emmetropisation that relates to the ability of the eye to use colour and luminance cues to guide the responses. Recent Findings: There are three ways in which changes in luminance and colour contrast could provide cues: (1) The eye could maximize luminance contrast. Monochromatic light experiments have shown that the human eye can accommodate and animal eyes can emmetropise using changes in luminance contrast alone. However, by reducing the effectiveness of luminance cues in monochromatic and white light by introducing astigmatism, or by reducing light intensity, investigators have revealed that the eye also uses colour cues in emmetropisation. (2) The eye could compare relative cone contrast to derive the sign of defocus information from colour cues. Experiments involving simulations of the retinal image with defocus have shown that relative cone contrast can provide colour cues for defocus in accommodation and emmetropisation. In the myopic simulation the contrast of the red component of a sinusoidal grating was higher than that of the green and blue component and this caused relaxation of accommodation and reduced eye growth. In the hyperopic simulation the contrast of the blue component was higher than that of the green and red components and this caused increased accommodation and increased eye growth. (3) The eye could compare the change in luminance and colour contrast as the eye changes focus. An experiment has shown that changes in colour or luminance contrast can provide cues for defocus in emmetropisation. When the eye is exposed to colour flicker the eye grows almost twice as much, and becomes more myopic, compared to when the eye is exposed to luminance flicker. Summary: Neural responses of the luminance and colour mechanisms direct accommodation and emmetropisation mechanisms to different focal planes. Therefore, it is likely that the set point of refraction and accommodation is dependent on the sensitivity of the eye to changes in spatial and temporal, colour and luminance contrast.

show abstract

Axial Length Increase in Lid-Sutured Rabbits

Cited by 16 publications

References 27 publications

Higher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review

Higher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review

Animal models in myopia research

The role of luminance and chromatic cues in emmetropisation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About