Axial length growth and the risk of developing myopia in European children

Tideman, J. Willem L.; Polling, Jan Roelof; Vingerling, Johannes R.; Jaddoe, Vincent W.V.; Williams, Cathy; Guggenheim, Jeremy A.; Klaver, Caroline C.W.

doi:10.1111/aos.13603

Cited by 185 publications

(218 citation statements)

References 47 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

175

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…It has been demonstrated that the corneal radius of curvature stops increasing around 18 months, whereas axial length can increase up to teenage years and adolescence . Our observation that the highest association with CR was with weight at 1 year of age is in line with this finding.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…22 It has been demonstrated that the corneal radius of curvature stops increasing around 18 months, 22,23 whereas axial length can increase up to teenage years and adolescence. 2,24 Our observation that the highest association with CR was with weight at 1 year of age is in line with this finding. Emmetropisation is hypothesised to be an active process of ocular scaling resulting from environmental influences, [25][26][27][28] release of retinal neurotransmitters [29][30][31] and feedback mechanisms.…”

Section: Larger Neonates Have a Higher Al And Greater Cr In Later Chisupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Refractive errors are caused by a complex coordinated scaling of the eye's refractive components to place the focal plane on the retina . Two of the key biometric components in emmetropisation are axial length (AL) and corneal radius of curvature (CR).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Refractive errors are caused by a complex coordinated scaling of the eye's refractive components to place the focal plane on the retina. [1][2][3] Two of the key biometric components in emmetropisation are axial length (AL) and corneal radius of curvature (CR). The ratio of AL/CR strongly correlates with refractive error (RE) [4][5][6] The biometric measures show large variation even in subjects with the same refractive error; 2 this calls for a better understanding of their determinants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Growth in foetal life, infancy, and early childhood and the association with ocular biometry

Tideman

Polling

Jaddoe

et al. 2019

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: A recent Genome-wide association meta-analysis (GWAS) of refractive error reported shared genetics with anthropometric traits such as height, BMI and obesity. To explore a potential relationship with refractive error and ocular structure we performed a life-course analysis including both maternal and child characteristics using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort. Methods: Measures collected across the life-course were analysed to explore the association of height, weight, and BMI with refractive error and ocular biometric measures at age 15 years from 1613children. The outcome measures were the mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of refractive error (dioptres), axial length (AXL; mm), and radius of corneal curvature (RCC; mm). Potential confounding variables; maternal age at conception, maternal education level, parental socioeconomic status, gestational age, breastfeeding, and gender were adjusted for within each multi-variable model.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Larger Neonates Have a Higher Al And Greater Cr In Later Chisupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Growth in foetal life, infancy, and early childhood and the association with ocular biometry

Tideman

Polling

Jaddoe

et al. 2019

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The prevalence of high myopia in Europe has risen from 1.0% to 5.3% and this rise is expected to continue. The number of visually impaired due to myopia will quadruple in 2050, and with that myopia will become the most important cause of blindness in Europe …”

Section: The Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myopia management in the Netherlands

Klaver

Polling

2020

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose A trend that myopia is becoming gradually more common is shown in studies worldwide. Highest frequencies have been found in East Asian urban populations (96.5%) but also a study in Europe shows that nearly half of the 25‐29 year olds has myopia. With the increase in prevalence, high myopia, i.e. a spherical equivalent of ‐6 or more and an axial length of 26 mm or more is also on the rise. High myopia particularly carries a significant risk of ocular pathology related to the long axial length. This highlights the need for myopia management in children with progressive myopia, in particular progression to high myopia. Recent findings During the last decade, many intervention studies for myopia progression have emerged. Although lifestyle adjustments are effective, pharmacological and optical interventions have shown the highest efficacy on reduction of eye growth. High concentration atropine (0.5%‐1.0%) shows the most reduction in axial length progression, but has drawbacks of light sensitivity and loss of accommodation. Nevertheless, when these side effects are mitigated by multifocal photochromatic glasses, the long‐term adherence to high dose atropine is high. Lower concentrations of atropine are less effective, but have less side effects. Studies on optical interventions have reported reduction of progression for Ortho‐K and multifocal contact lenses, but are in need for replication in larger studies with longer duration. Summary The field of myopia management is rapidly evolving, and a position on the best approach for daily clinics is desirable. Over the last 10 years, our team of clinical researchers has developed a strategy which involves decision‐making based on age, axial length, position on the axial length growth chart, progression rate, risk of high myopia, risk profile based on lifestyle and familial risk, side effects, and individual preference. This personalised approach ensures the most optimal long‐term myopia control, and helps fight against visual impairment and blindness in the next generations of elderly.

show abstract

Progression of Myopia in School-Aged Children After COVID-19 Home Confinement

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IMPORTANCE Time spent in outdoor activities has decreased owing to home confinement for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Concerns have been raised about whether home confinement may have worsened the burden of myopia owing to substantially decreased time spent outdoors and increased screen time at home. OBJECTIVE To investigate the refractive changes and prevalence of myopia in school-aged children during the COVID-19 home confinement. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSA prospective cross-sectional study using school-based photoscreenings in 123 535 children aged 6 to 13 years from 10 elementary schools in Feicheng, China, was conducted. The study was performed during 6 consecutive years (2015-2020). Data were analyzed in July 2020.EXPOSURES Noncycloplegic photorefraction was examined using a photoscreener device. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe spherical equivalent refraction was recorded for each child and the prevalence of myopia for each age group during each year was calculated. The mean spherical equivalent refraction and prevalence of myopia were compared between 2020 (after home confinement) and the previous 5 years for each age group. RESULTSOf the 123 535 children included in the study, 64 335 (52.1%) were boys. A total of 194 904 test results (389 808 eyes) were included in the analysis. A substantial myopic shift (approximately −0.3 diopters [D]) was found in the 2020 school-based photoscreenings compared with previous years (2015-2019) for younger children aged 6 (−0.32 D), 7 (−0.28 D), and 8 (−0.29 D) years. The prevalence of myopia in the 2020 photoscreenings was higher than the highest prevalence of myopia within 2015-2019 for children aged 6 (21.5% vs 5.7%), 7 (26.2% vs 16.2%), and 8 (37.2% vs 27.7%) years. The differences in spherical equivalent refraction and the prevalence of myopia between 2020 and previous years were minimal in children aged 9 to 13 years.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Home confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic appeared to be associated with a significant myopic shift for children aged 6 to 8 years according to 2020 school-based photoscreenings. However, numerous limitations warrant caution in the interpretation of these associations, including use of noncycloplegic refractions and lack of orthokeratology history or ocular biometry data. Younger children's refractive status may be more sensitive to environmental changes than older ages, given the younger children are in a critical period for the development of myopia.

show abstract

Axial length growth and the risk of developing myopia in European children

Cited by 185 publications

References 47 publications

Growth in foetal life, infancy, and early childhood and the association with ocular biometry

Growth in foetal life, infancy, and early childhood and the association with ocular biometry

Myopia management in the Netherlands

Progression of Myopia in School-Aged Children After COVID-19 Home Confinement

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About