“…However, considering the reliable beam–column connection, square columns [ 16 , 31 ] are being given more attention than circular columns in some structures. Moreover, the existing research mainly focused on the axial compression [ 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 19 , 22 , 32 , 33 ] and seismic performance [ 15 , 16 , 20 , 21 ] of columns. The findings regarding the compression and bending performance of hollow-core square columns are still limited, which has impeded the application of this new structure in engineering.…”