Axging, Inhibition, and Verbosity

Arbuckle, Tannis Y.; Gold, Dolores

doi:10.1093/geronj/48.5.p225

Cited by 194 publications

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“…For example, heightened response to irrelevant auditory and somatosensory stimuli (Knight & Grabowecky, 1995), diminished inhibition of reflexive but inappropriate saccades (Roberts, Hager, & Heron, 1994), and increased production of irrelevant, offgoal intrusion in speech (Arbuckle & Gold, 1993) are all 1 In addition, earlier studies may have failed to find belowbaseline suppression because those studies probably included a significant number of neutral-type younger adults, about whose performance little is known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchrony effects in inhibitory control over thought and action.

May¹,

Hasher²

1998

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

266

287

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Two experiments explore whether synchrony between peak circadian arousal periods and time of testing influences inhibitory efficiency for younger and older adults. Experiment 1 assesses inhibitory control over no-longer-relevant thoughts, and Experiment 2 assesses control over unwanted but strong responses, as well as performance on neuropsychological tasks that index frontal function. Inhibitory control is greatest at optimal times for both age groups and is generally greater for younger than for older adults. Performance on 2 neuropsychological measures (Stroop and Trails) also changes over the day, at least for older adults, and is correlated with inhibitory indexes, suggesting that for older adults changes in inhibition may be mediated by circadian variations in frontal functioning. By contrast, access to well-learned responses is not vulnerable to synchrony or age effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchrony effects in inhibitory control over thought and action.

May¹,

Hasher²

1998

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

266

287

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“…However, this interpretation of age-related increases in verbose speech as due to feelings of isolation is contradicted by the findings of Gold, Andres, Arbuckle, and Schwartzman (1988). They explicitly tested for an association between increased verbosity and psychosocial behaviour and found that older socially outgoing adults were more verbose than older socially more isolated adults (see also Arbuckle & Gold, 1993;Pushkar, Basevitz, Arbuckle, Nohara-LeClair, Lapidus, & Peled, 2000).…”

Section: Ageing and Speech Production 243mentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related effects on speech production: A review

Mortensen

Meyer

Humphreys

2006

Language and Cognitive Processes

138

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In discourse, older adults tend to be more verbose and more disfluent than young adults, especially when the task is difficult and when it places few constraints on the content of the utterance. This may be due to (a) language-specific deficits in planning the content and syntactic structure of utterances or in selecting and retrieving words from the mental lexicon, (b) a general deficit in inhibiting irrelevant information, or (c) the selection of a specific speech style. The possibility that older adults have a deficit in lexical retrieval is supported by the results of picture naming studies, in which older adults have been found to name objects less accurately and more slowly than young adults, and by the results of definition naming studies, in which older adults have been found to experience more tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states than young adults. The available evidence suggests that these age differences are largely due to weakening of the connections linking word lemmas to phonological word forms, though adults above 70 years of age may have an additional deficit in lemma selection

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“…Previous research has demonstrated that patients with frontal lobe dysfunction often show deficits in inhibition (e.g., perseveration and inability to maintain set; for reviews see Cronin-Golomb, 1990;Shimamura, 1995;Stuss & Benson, 1984), leading researchers to theorize that the frontal lobes are important for efficient inhibitory processing (Dempster, 1992;Kramer et al, 1994). It is commonly assumed in the neuropsychological literature that the WCST, verbal fluency test, and Trail Making Test reflect the functioning and integrity of the frontal lobes (e.g., Cronin-Golomb, 1990;Kramer et al, 1994;Lezak, 1995), and by extrapolation one can theorize that adequate performance on these tests may be partially dependent on intact inhibitory processes.Consistent with these arguments, Arbuckle and Gold (1993;Gold & Arbuckle, 1995) used these three neuropsychological measures as measures of inhibition in their study. The result of a factor analysis showed that these three neuropsychological measures (WCST, verbal fluency, and trails) fell out on one factor, which the authors hypothesized reflected inhibitory functioning.…”

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confidence: 95%

“…On the basis of an important study by Arbuckle and Gold (1993), our study used three neuropsychological tests to measure inhibitory functioning, namely the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Trail Making Test, and a measure of verbal fluency. As also described by Arbuckle and Gold (1993), choice of these measures was based on arguments and evidence that each of the chosen tasks requires suppression of irrelevant or nongoal-directed information to make an appropriate response.The WCST (Milner, 1964) requires the participant to first sort cards according to one strategy, and then after a predetermined number of responses the sorting principle changes unbeknownst to the participant who then must alter his or her strategy and attempt to discover the new sorting Once the participant connects a number (or a letter), he or she must inhibit the preceding set to make the next response (to connect a letter or a number). The verbal fluency measure requires the individual to generate as many words as possible that begin with a presented letter within a time limit (Lezak, 1995).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In this context, off-target verbosity was hypothesized to be a reflection of the inability to inhibit irrelevant information or associations to the questions. Results demonstrated that the neuropsychological measures correlated highly with the measure of off-target verbosity (the higher the off-target verbosity, the lower the scores on the neuropsychological measures), whereas measures of memory (prose passage memory) and simple attention (digit span tests) did not correlate with the off-target verbosity measure.To validate statistically the choice of the above measures in this study, we first conducted factor analyses to demonstrate replication of Arbuckle and Gold's (1993) findings that the chosen measures loaded on one factor that could be interpreted as reflecting inhibitory functioning. Then, as the second aim of this study, the role of inhibition in age-related performance decrements was examined on a test of verbal-list learning (California Verbal Learning Test, CVLT; Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober, 1987) and a measure of attention (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, PASAT;Gronwall, 1977).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Inhibitory Changes After Age 60 and Their Relationship to Measures of Attention and Memory

Persad¹,

Abeles²,

Zacks³

et al. 2002

The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences an

106

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This study examined the relationship between age and inhibitory functioning within a sample of older adults ranging in age from 60 to 85 years old. On the basis of earlier research, and confirmed by factor analysis, measures typically referred to as frontal lobe tasks were used as measures of inhibitory functioning. Findings demonstrated that inhibitory processes continued to decline with advancing age within the older sample. In addition, the role of inhibition in age-related performance deficits on a verbal list learning measure and an attention measure was examined. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that inhibition accounted for a significant proportion of the age-related variance on the two cognitive measures, whereas measures of reading speed accounted for a smaller proportion of the variance. In addition, when inhibition was first covaried out, reading speed no longer accounted for a significant proportion of the age-related variance. It is argued that inhibition is an important contributor to age-related performance decrements in cognition.AN increasingly central notion in attention theory is that inhibitory processes act in concert with excitatory processes to control the contents of working memory. Inhibitory processes help prevent irrelevant stimuli from interfering with the efficient processing of target information in a number of ways (e.g., Hasher & Zacks, 1988;Tipper, 1985;Tipper, Weaver, & Houghton, 1994). Specifically, inhibition can prevent the allocation of attention to irrelevant or distracting information in the internal or external environment, thereby allowing for a focus on the relevant task or goal. Further, as task demands change, inhibition serves to suppress activation of stimuli that were previously important but now are no longer the target of processing (Hasher & Zacks, 1988;. Finally, more recently it has been proposed that inhibition serves to restrain prepo-tent responses from occurring immediately, allowing for an initial evaluation as to their appropriateness (Hasher, Zacks, & May, 1999). When inhibitory processes are not operating efficiently, irrelevant or distracting information can invade working memory, possibly resulting in lowered performance due to interference effects and response competition. These interfering effects can occur at both the encoding and retrieval stages.It has recently been postulated that deficits in inhibitory functioning may account for agerelated performance decrements exhibited in a variety of cognitive tasks (Hasher & Zacks, 1988; Hasher et al., 1999;. This view maintains that inhibitory mechanisms become inefficient with age, causing a disruption to working memory. Working memory has been theorized to be important for successful performance in many cognitive domains, including memory, language comprehension and speech production, and planning and problem solving, among others (Baddeley & Hitch, 1994). Given the importance of Address correspondence to Carol Persad, Neuropsychology Division, University of Michigan, C480 Med Inn, 1500...

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Axging, Inhibition, and Verbosity

Cited by 194 publications

References 0 publications

Synchrony effects in inhibitory control over thought and action.

Synchrony effects in inhibitory control over thought and action.

Age-related effects on speech production: A review

Inhibitory Changes After Age 60 and Their Relationship to Measures of Attention and Memory

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