“…8 In the process he destroyed centuries of painting, going well beyond the typical boundaries of inspiration and appropriation. 9 Aside from their superior technical skill, Zhang's collaborators may seem like a random choice for a partnership, until one considers the long Tibetan presence in the region, going back to the period of Tibetan control of Dunhuang during the eighth and ninth centuries. Later, during the early modern period, Qing imperial armies reestablished imperial hegemony over the western regions in the eighteenth century, and, in the modern period, the neocolonial Republican project fixed its sights on an inner frontier reclamation from the 1920s through the 1940s.…”