Awareness of Aerosol related transmission of COVID-19 among the Dentists of Nepal

Abstract

Objective: To access the awareness of dental practitioners of Nepal towards COVID-19 transmission through aerosols.Materials and Methods: The study involved 384 dentists from all over Nepal and was conducted for a period of three months. A self-reported online questionnaire was developed using Google forms and the link was shared. It emphasized the awareness related to the aerosol and ventilation system in their daily practices was prepared. The data were analysed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 software. Results: Majority of participants were female 52.9% (n = 203) and within the age groups of <30 years 57% (n = 219). Participants from Bagmati Province were 60.4% (n = 232), with least from Sudurpaschim Province 0.5% (n = 2). 60% of participants provided only emergency services during the COVID-19 pandemic and few (7%) provided consultations via telephone. The current ventilation system used was a well-ventilated room with open windows 65.4% (n = 251). However, 52.8% (n = 203) preferred specialized operatory incorporating high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and ultraviolet (UV) light. More than 60% of respondents were unaware of the particle size of the aerosol.Conclusions: The obtained results signify the need for the proper ventilation system with appropriate air filtration systems in dental clinical setups.

Effect of Distances Between Lines and Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield and Quality Characteristics of Wheat

“…Table (6) shows that the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and its interaction with other factors significantly affected the biological yield. The results of Table (6) showed a significant increase in the biological yield by increasing the level of nitrogen fertilizer, as the levels of 250 kg N ha -1 and 200 kg N ha -1 were significantly higher by giving the highest averages of biological yield, which reached 7.63 and 7.18 tons ha -1 , and the level gave 150 kg N ha -1 averaged 6.40 tons ha -1 , while the level 100 kg N ha -1 gave the lowest average of 4.16 tons ha -1 , and the reason for this is due to the role of nitrogen in increasing the photosynthesis process and thus increasing the vegetative growth of the plant in terms of height The leaf area of the plant, the number of days required for flowering, and the number of grains per spike, which led to an increase in grain yield, and consequently the increase of the two components (straw and grain) led to an increase in the biological yield. This result agreed with [14][15][16][17], who all confirmed a significant increase in the biological yield by increasing nitrogen levels.…”

“…The results in Table (6) show the significant effect of planting distances on the trait of biological yield, as the distance exceeded 30 cm with the highest average for this trait amounting to 6.90 tons ha -1 and without significant difference from the distances 15 and 25 cm, which gave averages of 6.41 and 6.30 tons ha -1 Respectively, while the distance of 20 cm gave the lowest average for this trait amounting to 5.76 tons ha -1 , and perhaps the reason for this is due to the superiority of this distance in the number of tillers, which are considered to be the components of the biological yield, with no significant difference in the second component of the biological yield, which is the grain yield. This conclusion was consistent with the findings of [11,12,17], who all found statistically significant changes in the rate of biological yield based on planting distance.…”

“…Nitrogen fertilization is considered one of the important factors in addressing thedeficiency in wheat production, since nitrogen is one of the major elements essential for plant growth, as it is greatly needed for its entry into important physiological processes in addition to its entry into the formation of IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1158/6/062025 2 chlorophyll, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), carbohydrates and proteins [4], Therefore, determining the appropriate level of nitrogen is a very important factor affecting wheat yield and quality [5]. Determining the distance between plants has a significant impact on the grain yield of wheat and crops grown on lines, as the distance between plants is affected by several factors such as light, water, nutrients and bush, so an equal distribution of plants per unit area is required for greater light interception and to obtain the highest efficiency of photosynthesis By all plant leaves [6],and based on the foregoing, this study aims to determine the best level of nitrogen fertilizer with the best distance between the lines and the effect of the interaction between them to obtain the highest productivity of wheat crop per unit area.…”

Perception and Challenges of Preventive Measures of COVID-19 Among Nepalese Frontline Health Professionals: An Unexplored Realism

“…Furthermore, the Nepal government through the Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) has been actively broadcasting public awareness messages regarding the prevention and control of the virus through loudspeaker recordings, radio, television, social media, press briefings, etc. Despite all these efforts, there have been reports of the deaths of HCPs throughout the world, and Nepal was not spared either ( 9 – 11 ). This could be due to many reasons, like inattention to the appropriate use of PPE in situations of anxiety, depression, traumatic stress, and burnout due to COVID-19 ( 12 , 13 ), or just a simple myth, mask-carbon dioxide intoxication in prolonging usage ( 14 ), can wear one mask for several days with/without washing, belief in inappropriate use of mask ( 15 ); gloves can mimic the spread of the virus ( 16 ); thermal scanner: all COVID-19 infections can be detected as a result of high temperatures ( 14 ); polymerase chain reaction (PCR) dilemma: it is not superior, and it gives favorable/adverse effects just like that, even if we are scared/asymptomatic, short of misleading ( 17 ).…”

Assessment of Aerosol Persistence in ICUs via Low-cost Sensor Network and Zonal Models

“…Like influenza virus and other respiratory diseases, SARS-CoV-2 is spread by inhaling aerosols containing viable virions. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Hospital environments can be particularly susceptible to the spread of infection, and evidence-driven approaches can aid in combatting the spread of airborne diseases.…”