Awareness is necessary for differential trace and delay eyeblink conditioning in humans

Lovibond, Peter F.; Liu, Jean C. J.; Weidemann, Gabrielle; Mitchell, Christopher J.

doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.05.002

Cited by 42 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Our fi nding that differential DEC with a loud-tone CS did not depend on awareness differs from the results of two recent studies [13,22] with the same loud-tone CS, in which differential DEC was reported to be awareness-dependent.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies [12,[19][20][21] have shown that differential DEC only appears in participants who know the relationship between the CSs and the US, which is consistent with the latter view that DEC is awareness-dependent. Similarly, two recent reports [13,22] also reached the same conclusions. Thus, all these studies in favor of the latter view are opposed to the conclusions of Clark and Squire [11] .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Instead, with repeated there is a temporal gap between the CS and the US and they terminate together [9,10] . The view is widely held that TEC is dependent on awareness [11][12][13][14] . However, there is fervent debate about whether awareness is essential for DEC. Clark et al suggested that DEC can be acquired independently, based on the evidence that differential DEC (one conditioned stimulus (CS+) is always followed by the US, and the other (CS-) is always alone) occurs in participants who show no contingency awareness [11,15,16] , whereas differential TEC is only acquired by participants who show awareness of the relationship between the CSs and the US [11,17] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately, these studies aimed at testing whether the questionnaire used by Clark et al was sensitive by endeavoring to replicate their experimental procedures have found that the questionnaire is sensitive enough to assess contingency awareness, but showed an inconsistency in the relationship between awareness and differential DEC [13,16] . These fi ndings not only demonstrated that the questionnaire is sensitive and cannot explain the inconsistency, but also indicated that other potential factors affect whether awareness is essential for differential DEC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…a maximum of 75 dB for awareness-dependent studies [12,20] versus a minimum of 85 dB for awareness-independent studies [11,16] ), suggesting that the intensity of the CS tone may affect the relationship between differential DEC and awareness. Moreover, Lovibond et al have proposed that the intensity of the CS tone might be a critical factor underlying whether differential DEC is awareness-dependent [13] . Further, our recent study indicated that both electrolytic lesions and muscimol inactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which is involved in many critical cognitive functions [25][26][27][28][29] , disrupt DEC with a soft-tone (60 dB) CS, but not a loud-tone (85 dB) CS in guinea pig [30] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Awareness is essential for differential delay eyeblink conditioning with soft-tone but not loud-tone conditioned stimuli

Huang

et al. 2014

Neurosci. Bull.

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The role of awareness in differential delay eyeblink conditioning (DEC) remains controversial. Here, we investigated the involvement of awareness in differential DEC with a soft or a loud tone as the conditioned stimulus (CS). In the experiment, 36 participants were trained in differential DEC with a soft tone (60 dB) or a loud tone (85 dB) as the CS, paired with a corneal air-puff as the unconditioned stimulus (US). After conditioning, awareness of the relationship between the CS and the US was assessed with a 17-item true/false questionnaire. Interestingly, during differential DEC with a soft-tone CS, a higher proportion of differential conditioned responses (CRs) was evident in participants who were aware than those who were unaware. In contrast, when a loud tone was used as the CS, the proportion of differential CRs of the aware participants did not differ signifi cantly from those who were unaware over any of the blocks of 20 trials. In unaware participants, the percentage of differential CRs with a loud-tone CS was significantly higher than that with a soft-tone CS; however in participants classified as aware, the percentage of differential CRs with a loud-tone CS did not differ significantly from that with a soft-tone CS. The present findings suggest that awareness is critical for differential DEC when the delay task is rendered more diffi cult.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Awareness is essential for differential delay eyeblink conditioning with soft-tone but not loud-tone conditioned stimuli

Huang

et al. 2014

Neurosci. Bull.

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The morphology and spatial arrangement of astrocytes in the optic nerve head of the mouse

Sun

Lye-Barthel

Masland

et al. 2009

J of Comparative Neurology

155

185

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We evaluated the shapes, numbers, and spatial distribution of astrocytes within the glial lamina, an astrocyte-rich region at the junction of the retina and optic nerve. A primary aim was to determine how the population of astrocytes, collectively, partitions the axonal space in this region. Astrocyte processes labeled with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) compartmentalize ganglion cell axons into bundles, forming “glial tubes”, and giving the glial architecture of the optic nerve head in transverse section a honeycomb appearance. The shapes of individual astrocytes were studied using transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein in isolated astrocytes (hGFAPpr-EGFP). Within the glial lamina the astrocytes were transverse in orientation, with thick, smooth primary processes emanating from a cytoplasmic expansion of the soma. Spaces between the processes of neighboring astrocytes were spatially aligned, to form the apertures through which the bundles of optic axons pass. The processes of individual astrocytes were far-reaching – they could span most of the width of the nerve -and overlapped the anatomical domains of other near and distant astrocytes. Thus, astrocytes in the glial lamina do not tile: each astrocyte participates in ensheathing approximately one quarter of all of the axon bundles in the nerve, and each glial tube contains the processes of ~ 9 astrocytes. This raises the mechanistic question how, in glaucoma or other cases of nerve damage, the glial response can be confined to a circumscribed region where damage to axons has occurred.

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Dual functions of perirhinal cortex in fear conditioning

Kent

Brown

2012

Hippocampus

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The present review examines the role of perirhinal cortex (PRC) in Pavlovian fear conditioning. The focus is on rats, partly because so much is known, behaviorally and neurobiologically, about fear conditioning in these animals. In addition, the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of rat PRC have been described in considerable detail at the cellular and systems levels. The evidence suggests that PRC can serve at least two types of mnemonic functions in Pavlovian fear conditioning. The first function, termed "stimulus unitization," refers to the ability to treat two or more separate items or stimulus elements as a single entity. Supporting evidence for this perceptual function comes from studies of context conditioning as well as delay conditioning to discontinuous auditory cues. In a delay paradigm, the conditional stimulus (CS) and unconditional stimulus (US) overlap temporally and co-terminate. The second PRC function entails a type of "transient memory." Supporting evidence comes from studies of trace cue conditioning, where there is a temporal gap or trace interval between the CS offset and the US onset. For learning to occur, there must be a transient CS representation during the trace interval. We advance a novel neurophysiological mechanism for this transient representation. These two hypothesized functions of PRC are consistent with inferences based on non-aversive forms of learning.

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Awareness is necessary for differential trace and delay eyeblink conditioning in humans

Cited by 42 publications

References 32 publications

Awareness is essential for differential delay eyeblink conditioning with soft-tone but not loud-tone conditioned stimuli

Awareness is essential for differential delay eyeblink conditioning with soft-tone but not loud-tone conditioned stimuli

The morphology and spatial arrangement of astrocytes in the optic nerve head of the mouse

Dual functions of perirhinal cortex in fear conditioning

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