Awareness and current knowledge of Parkinson’s disease: a neurodegenerative disorder

Khan, Asmat Ullah; Akram, Muhammad; Daniyal, Muhammad; Zainab, Rida

doi:10.1080/00207454.2018.1486837

Cited by 78 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 397 publications

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“…PD is a progressive and debilitating disease that induces motor disorders, rigidity and dyskinesia through the functional loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra [1]. PD affects over 6 million people worldwide [2][3][4], with the vast majority of patients diagnosed in their sixth decade of life. In addition to movement disorders, many patients show other clinical symptoms, including psycho emotional and cognitive deficits, dementia, sleep disturbances and olfactory and bladder dysfunction, among others [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Analysis of Fungi and Bacteria in Brain Tissue

Pisa¹,

Alonso²,

Carrasco³

2020

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor disorders and the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In addition to motor disability, many patients with PD present a spectrum of clinical symptoms, including cognitive decline, psychiatric alterations, loss of smell and bladder dysfunction, among others. Neuroinflammation is one of the most salient features of PD, but the nature of the trigger remains unknown. A plausible mechanism to explain inflammation and the range of clinical symptoms in these patients is the presence of systemic microbial infection. Accordingly, the present study provides extensive evidence for the existence of mixed microbial infections in the central nervous system (CNS) of patients with PD. Assessment of CNS sections by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies revealed the presence of both fungi and bacteria. Moreover, different regions of the CNS were positive for a variety of microbial morphologies, suggesting infection by a number of microorganisms. Identification of specific fungal and bacterial species in different CNS regions from six PD patients was accomplished using nested PCR analysis and next-generation sequencing, providing compelling evidence of polymicrobial infections in the CNS of PD. Most of the fungal species identified belong to the genera Botrytis, Candida, Fusarium and Malassezia. Some relevant bacterial genera were Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, with most bacterial species belonging to the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Interestingly, we noted similarities and differences between the microbiota present in the CNS of patients with PD and that in other neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, our observations lend strong support to the concept that mixed microbial infections contribute to or are a risk factor for the neuropathology of PD. Importantly, these results provide the basis for effective treatments of this disease using already approved and safe antimicrobial therapeutics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Analysis of Fungi and Bacteria in Brain Tissue

Pisa¹,

Alonso²,

Carrasco³

2020

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

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“…With the increasing life expectancy and, consequently, the increase of populations over 60 years old, the health problems related to aging 1 , such as hearing loss and chronic-degenerative diseases, deserve greater attention.Among these, Parkinson's disease (PD) is present in 1% to 2% of the elderly over 60 years of age, whose incidence varies between 8-18 per 100,000 person-years 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is there auditory impairment in Parkinson's disease?

et al. 2018

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Objective: to describe the audiological profile of a group of patients with Parkinson's disease and to investigate the association between hearing loss and the disease. Methods: 50 individuals with and 46 without Parkinson's disease underwent Pure Tone Audiometry, Otoacoustic Emissions by Distortion Product, and auditory processing tests. The results of the patients were compared to those obtained in individuals without the disease, according to clinical and biological variables. Results: in individuals with Parkinson's disease, 82% presented hearing loss, 53.5% alterations in Otoacoustic Emissions by Distortion Product, 78%, alterations in temporal processing, and 12%, changes in binaural integration. Individuals with the disease had a greater impairment in the recognition of duration patterns when compared to those without the disease, with a worse performance in men and in individuals aged between 42 and 65 years old and Hoehn and Yahr I and II stages. Conclusions: the profile found corresponds to descending sensorineural hearing loss and alteration in otoacoustic emissions, temporal ordering and noise gaps detection.Only losses in temporal order are associated with the disease, especially in men, individuals under the age of 65 and in the initial stage.

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“…However, in some cases, PD takes place much earlier, between 21 and 50 years of age (early-onset PD (EOPD)) [ 17 ]. Symptomatically, initial phases of the disease are characterized by movement disorders, such as shaking, rigidity, slowness and aberrant gait [ 18 ]. Other symptoms, such as cognitive and behavioral problems, appear as dementia in the later phases of the disease [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Symptomatically, initial phases of the disease are characterized by movement disorders, such as shaking, rigidity, slowness and aberrant gait [ 18 ]. Other symptoms, such as cognitive and behavioral problems, appear as dementia in the later phases of the disease [ 18 ]. The onset of PD and EOPD can arise as a consequence of genetic and/or environmental factors but most of the cases are sporadic [ 15 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroprotection or Neurotoxicity of Illicit Drugs on Parkinson’s Disease

Ferreira

Almeida²,

Tenreiro

et al. 2020

Life

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Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is currently the most rapid growing neurodegenerative disease and over the past generation, its global burden has more than doubled. The onset of PD can arise due to environmental, sporadic or genetic factors. Nevertheless, most PD cases have an unknown etiology. Chemicals, such as the anthropogenic pollutant 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and amphetamine-type stimulants, have been associated with the onset of PD. Conversely, cannabinoids have been associated with the treatment of the symptoms’. PD and medical cannabis is currently under the spotlight, and research to find its benefits on PD is on-going worldwide. However, the described clinical applications and safety of pharmacotherapy with cannabis products are yet to be fully supported by scientific evidence. Furthermore, the novel psychoactive substances are currently a popular alternative to classical drugs of abuse, representing an unknown health hazard for young adults who may develop PD later in their lifetime. This review addresses the neurotoxic and neuroprotective impact of illicit substance consumption in PD, presenting clinical evidence and molecular and cellular mechanisms of this association. This research area is utterly important for contemporary society since illicit drugs’ legalization is under discussion which may have consequences both for the onset of PD and for the treatment of its symptoms.

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Awareness and current knowledge of Parkinson’s disease: a neurodegenerative disorder

Abstract: In this article, we have discussed current progress in the understanding of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and management strategies of the disease.

Cited by 78 publications

References 397 publications

Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Analysis of Fungi and Bacteria in Brain Tissue

Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Analysis of Fungi and Bacteria in Brain Tissue

Is there auditory impairment in Parkinson's disease?

Neuroprotection or Neurotoxicity of Illicit Drugs on Parkinson’s Disease

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