Avoiding Static Ignition Hazards in Chemical Operations

Britton, Laurence G.

doi:10.1002/9780470935408

Cited by 83 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Typical charged-insulators are thought to become incendive at about 20-25 kV according to the literature [11]. …”

Section: ) Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 shows that rubbing with the Koropon sample deposits a consistent amount of charge with average surface potentials of -25.35 ± 1.6 kV. Although these levels are well below the -67 kV as measured by the onset of incendive brush discharges of the previous section, the literature states that potentials on the order of -25 kV should produce brush discharges [11]. Therefore, additional Spark Incendivity tests were performed to be sure.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Problems of Assessment of Electrostatic Safety for Mine Products from Polymeric and Composite Materials

Grishin¹,

Uvarova²,

Grishin³

et al. 2017

OSI

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Abstract-New techniques for evaluating the incendiary behavior of insulators is presented.The onset of incendive brush discharges in air is evaluated using standard spark probe techniques for the case simulating approaches of an electrically grounded sphere to a charged insulator in the presence of a flammable atmosphere. However, this standard technique is unsuitable for the case of brush discharges that may occur during the charging-separation process for two insulator materials. We present experimental techniques to evaluate this hazard in the presence of a flammable atmosphere which is ideally suited to measure the incendiary nature of micro-discharges upon separation, a measurement never before performed.

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“…Typical charged-insulators are thought to become incendive at about 20-25 kV according to the literature [11]. …”

Section: ) Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Problems of Assessment of Electrostatic Safety for Mine Products from Polymeric and Composite Materials

Grishin¹,

Uvarova²,

Grishin³

et al. 2017

OSI

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Brush discharges have only been observed to create an ignition hazard with hydrocarbons when they occur from a negatively charged surface (Lovstrand, 1981). Furthermore, in order to obtain a brush discharge it is necessary to first generate a surface potential of around Ϫ20 kV (Britton, 1999).…”

Section: Ignition Hazardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrostatic ignition hazards arising from fuel flow in plastic pipelines

Hearn

2002

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries

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The use of electrically insulating synthetic materials, such as plastics, for fuel pipelines and other fuel handling components is now becoming widespread. In the case of buried or underground pipelines in filling station forecourts the use of these materials offers superior corrosion resistance and increased longevity. This in turn reduces the risk of pollution due to fuel leakage. It is well reported that the flow of fuel under certain conditions in metal pipes can produce significant levels of electrostatic charge on the fuel. Little work, however, has been undertaken on plastic pipe where charge can accumulate at the fuel/pipe wall interface. This paper reports on tests performed on a full-scale, high-density, polyethylene pipework system. During the tests, an isooctane/toluene fuel mix of controlled and known electrical conductivity was transferred through the system at varying flow rates. Both buried and free-standing pipeline configurations were simulated. A number of test runs were performed yielding considerable data relating to the resultant electrostatic activity including electrostatic potential, the nature and location of electrostatic discharges and the discharge energy. The influence of components such as in-line valves and couplings, which have a metallic component, are also evaluated. The extensive data resulting from this study are presented graphically. The paper concludes with an analytical section and draws important conclusions with regard to the parameters influencing the degree of ignition hazard present. 

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“…3 The primary ones are: 1) Frictional charging or tribocharging that occurs as solids make contact and are drawn apart, 2) Fragmentation of solids that possess non-uniform surface charge densities, 3) Shear working along liquid-solid, liquid-gas, and two-phase boundaries, 4) Separation by gravitation of suspended materials possessing non-uniform size and charge, 5) Induction charging, and 6) Ionic charging. Mechanisms 5 and 6 require very large electric fields that can transfer charge between electrically isolated systems.…”

Section: A Charging Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3), the system may be viewed as a "leaky" capacitor. 3 The outer steel case is conductive and surrounds a dielectric material. Several charge flows are possible, including a charging current (IC) due to triboelectric charging, a leakage current through conductive elements in the system (IL), and a recombination current (IR).…”

Section: American Institute Of Aeronautics and Astronauticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Premature Ignition of Thruster Pressure Cartridges by Vibration-Induced Electrostatic Discharge

Woods

Saulsberry²

2010

46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference &Amp;amp; Exhibit

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Pyrotechnic thruster pressure cartridges (TPCs) are used for aeroshell separation on a new NASA crew launch vehicle. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) during TPC acceptance testing indicated that internal assemblies moved during shock and vibration testing due to an internal bond anomaly. This caused concerns that the launch environment might produce the same movement and release propellant grains that might be prematurely ignited through impact or through electrostatic discharge (ESD) as grains vibrated against internal surfaces. Since a new lot could not be fabricated in time, a determination had to be made as to whether the lot was acceptable to fly. This paper discusses the ESD evaluation and a separate paper addresses the impact problem.A challenge to straight forward assessment existed due to the unavailability of triboelectric data characterizing the static charging characteristics of the propellants within the TPC. The approach examined the physical limitations for charge buildup within the TPC system geometry and evaluated it for discharge under simulated vibrations used to qualify components for launch. A facsimile TPC was fabricated using SS 301 for the case and surrogate worst case materials for the propellants based on triboelectric data. System discharge behavior was evaluated by applying high voltage to the point of discharge in air and by placing worst case charge accumulations within the facsimile TPC and forcing discharge. The facsimile TPC contained simulated propellant grains and lycopodium, a well characterized indicator for static discharge in dust explosions, and was subjected to accelerations equivalent to the maximum accelerations possible during launch. The magnitude of charge generated within the facsimile TPC system was demonstrated to lie in a range of 100 to 10,000 times smaller than the spark energies measured to ignite propellant grains in industry standard discharge tests. The test apparatus, methodology, and results are described in this paper. Nomenclature ABL = Allegany Ballistics Laboratory

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Avoiding Static Ignition Hazards in Chemical Operations

Cited by 83 publications

References 83 publications

Problems of Assessment of Electrostatic Safety for Mine Products from Polymeric and Composite Materials

Problems of Assessment of Electrostatic Safety for Mine Products from Polymeric and Composite Materials

Electrostatic ignition hazards arising from fuel flow in plastic pipelines

Investigating Premature Ignition of Thruster Pressure Cartridges by Vibration-Induced Electrostatic Discharge

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