Avoiding Damage Associated to Produced Water Use in Hydraulic Fracturing

Fedorov, Andrey; Carrasquilla, Juan; Cox, Angelica

doi:10.2118/168193-ms

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…11D). Situations of this type, i. e. the generation of precipitates, can lead to problems with the performance of the fracturing fluid and cause potential damage to the proppant pack in the fractures, which has been documented by several authors (Monreal et al 2014;Haghshenas and Nasr-El-Din 2014;Fedorov 2014). …”

Section: Blend Of Water (Flowback Untreated)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Management: What We Have Learned and What We Need to Consider for Developing a Shale Play in Argentina

et al. 2015

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Hydraulic fracturing has been active in Argentina since the 1960s. The first jobs were performed using oil-based fluids. Throughout the years, new water-based fluids were introduced to replace alcohol-based fluids and foams based on reservoir requirements, economics, and safety and environmental issues. Currently, more than 95% of hydraulic fractures performed in the country are made using aqueous-based fluids.Recently, exploration and development of resource shale plays, such as the Vaca Muerta, have begun. To achieve commercial production, this type of reservoir must be stimulated by hydraulic fracturing using large volumes of water. From 2009 to present, various exploration techniques have been performed in different shales, such as Los Molles, Vaca Muerta, Agrio (Neuquén Basin), Cacheuta (Cuyo Basin), and the D-129 (Golfo San Jorge Basin).This paper discusses aspects of water logistics necessary during the well completion phase, fracture treatment designs applied in Vaca Muerta, and laboratory studies performed on flowback and produced waters to help evaluate the potential for water reuse.The focus is on three different phases of water cycles for these projects.• Water sources and stimulation: information for vertical and horizontal wells based on physicalchemical characteristics of various freshwater for stimulation, volume of water used, type of fracture treatment, and fracture fluid and additives used. • Logistics: evolution of different water storage and transport options used for shale projects on single or multiple well pads. • Reuse of flowback and produced water: laboratory tests on different flowback and produced water and/or blends (freshwater-flowback-water), treated and untreated including:-Physico-chemical characteristic of water (flowback and produced) from different wells.-Formation sensitivity tests with different water sources and usage possibilities.-Fracture fluids, conventional borate fluids, and a new low-residue CMHPG-metal formulated fluid using no traditional water treated and untreated with high total dissolved solids (TDS).

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Section: Blend Of Water (Flowback Untreated)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Management: What We Have Learned and What We Need to Consider for Developing a Shale Play in Argentina

et al. 2015

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“…In addition, water softening can lead to the removal of boron. In fracturing fluids, boron may lead to over cross linking and therefore, the ability of the fluid to carry proppant may seriously be hampered (Fedorov et al 2014). As a result, water softening may also be used during hydraulic fracturing operations.…”

Section: Membrane Filtrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, if the pH of injected water decreases, calcium and magnesium can precipitate out and reduce the permeability. As a result, water softening may also be applied during waterflooding operations (Fedorov et al 2014). …”

Section: Membrane Filtrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Emerging Challenges for the Oil Field Waters in the United States

Ali

Hasçakir

2015

All Days

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The rapid rise of oil production from unconventional resources due to the increase in oil demand brings several potential risks to the environment. Governments strictly regulate the oil field water use, treatment, and disposal to reduce both the environmental and the public health effects. Hence, exploration and production companies face several challenges mainly for the management of produced water originated from any water injection processes. On a global scale, the average water cut has increased to nearly 75%. And in the U.S., the water cut is even higher (i.e., 91%) which results in a severe reduction in revenue. The average cost for handling and disposing water can range from $0.50 to $16.80 per barrel of water. In fact, the oil and gas industry in the U.S. spends $5-10 billion per year for the handling of the produced water. Furthermore, this cost does not take into account the loss of hydrocarbons due to the excess production of water. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new technologies for oil and gas production which will reduce (i) the water use for the sustainability of the water resources, (ii) the environmental and health effects of the produced water and (iii) the enormous costs of the produced water management. This paper evaluates both the current strategies and future trends that are followed in the U.S. to manage the produced waters originated from hydraulic fracturing, water flooding, and steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). The paper first summarizes the water injection projects in the U.S. Then, the quantitative impact of each process to the human health and environment along with the differences in the quality of the produced water due to the rock-fluid interactions and the additives used in the processes are discussed. Finally, the industrial attempts on the produced water management for the reduction in water use, reuse of the produced water, and the water treatment are examined. This paper provides a critical review on current and future trends of the produced water management. The short and long term effects to the environment due to the rapid changes in the quality of the water resources are criticized.

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“…Haghsgenas and Nasr El Din (2014) presents a group of laboratory studies that show the adverse effects of some ions present in flowback water from the west Texas region in a guar-borate fracture fluid. Fedorov et al (2014) presents a scale inhibitor, which prevents scale deposition by sequestering the cationic scale-forming ions and distorting the crystalline lattice structure, has good thermal stability, and very effective ion stabilization. Li et al (2009) developed a new fluid stabilizer to protect the polysaccharide fluid from damage by bacterial enzymes in produced water.…”

Section: Fracturing Fluidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Management for Tight and Shale Reservoir: A Review of What Has Been Learned and What Should Be Considered for Development in Argentina

Bonapace

2015

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This work builds on Bonapace et al. (2015), specifically discussing shale reservoir information related to several tight reservoirs in Argentina.Hydraulic fracturing has been ongoing in Argentina since the 1960s. The first treatments were performed using oil-based fluids. Throughout the years, new water-based fluids were introduced, as well as alcohol-water mixture fluids to foams, based on the reservoir requirements, economics, and safety and environmental issues. Currently, more than 95% of hydraulic fractures performed in the country are performed using aqueous-based fluids.In the last 10 years, exploration and development has begun for tight gas reservoirs and more recently several shale plays. To achieve commercial production, this type of reservoir requires extensive hydraulic fracturing applications which use large volumes of water. From 2004 to present, various exploration techniques have been performed in different reservoirs, such as tight formations at Lajas, Punta Rosada, Mulichinco (Neuquén Basin); Potrerillos (Cuyo Basin); D-129 (Golfo San Jorge Basin) and shale plays at Los Molles, Vaca Muerta, Agrio (Neuquén Basin), Cacheuta (Cuyo Basin), and D-129 (Golfo San Jorge Basin).This paper discusses aspects of water logistics necessary during the well completion phase, fracture treatment designs applied within these various unconventional reservoirs, and laboratory studies performed on flowback and produced waters to help evaluate their potential for use and/or reuse. The primary focus here will be related to various parts of the water cycle for these projects.• Stimulation and water sources are presented as detailed information concerning the type of stimulation performed in these reservoirs, volume of water, treatment types, fracturing fluids, additives used, and physical-chemical characteristics of various freshwater sources used. • Logistics are discussed for water storage and transport for single and multiple well pads. • Reuse of flowback and formation water addresses laboratory testing of various flowback and formation water and/or blends (freshwater and flowback water), treated and untreated including:-Physico-chemical characteristics of water (flowback and produced) from various wells.-Formation sensibility testing with flowback water from various tight and shale formations and usage possibilities. -Impact on proppant packs of floculants generated in nontraditional waters at various pH values. -A new low-residue CMHPG-metal crosslinked fracturing fluid formulated using no traditional water, i.e., untreated with high total dissolved solids (TDS).

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Avoiding Damage Associated to Produced Water Use in Hydraulic Fracturing

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

Water Management: What We Have Learned and What We Need to Consider for Developing a Shale Play in Argentina

Water Management: What We Have Learned and What We Need to Consider for Developing a Shale Play in Argentina

A Critical Review of Emerging Challenges for the Oil Field Waters in the United States

Water Management for Tight and Shale Reservoir: A Review of What Has Been Learned and What Should Be Considered for Development in Argentina

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