Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: A Longitudinal Study of Malnutrition and Psychopathological Risk Factors From 2 to 11 Years of Age

Abstract

Aim: To evaluate different types and degrees of malnutrition over time in a sample of children diagnosed with Infantile Anorexia (IA), based on the DC:0-3R criteria, and recently defined by DSM-5 as the first subtype of Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), and to investigate the relationship between children’s severity of malnutrition and emotional/behavioral development, and mothers’ long-term psychopathological symptoms.Methods: A total of 113 children (58 boys, 55 girls), originally diagnosed with IA, and their mothers, were evaluated at four assessment points at the children’s mean age of 2, 5, 7, and 11 years. Several measures were used to assess the children’s growth and level of malnutrition, mothers’ psychopathological symptoms and eating attitudes, as well as their children’s emotional/behavioral functioning.Results: A steady improvement in the severity of malnutrition over time emerged, but 73% of children still had ongoing mild to moderate to severe malnutrition at 11 years of age. Moreover, the children showed increasing internalizing and externalizing emotional/behavioral problems, and their mothers’ psychopathological symptoms and eating problems worsened as well over time. At 11 years of age, the girls’ emotional/behavioral problems and their mothers’ psychopathology and disturbed eating attitudes were more severe than that of the boys and their mothers. Finally, during the last assessment, significant associations between the mothers’ psychopathology and disturbed eating attitudes, the severity of the children’s malnutrition, and their emotional/behavioral problems emerged.Discussion: Our longitudinal study points out that the developmental course of children, originally diagnosed with IA and who received limited psychosocial treatment, is characterized by an enduring risk of malnutrition and increasing psychopathological symptoms in both, the children and their mothers, up to the sensitive period of pre-puberty.

Medical comorbidities and endocrine dysfunction in low‐weight females with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder compared to anorexia nervosa and healthy controls

“…Both reported low BP, but only AN had lower systolic BP versus HC. Those with AN reported a higher prevalence of bradycardia and had lower heart rate on exam than ARFID, which might reflect more acute weight loss in AN (Keery et al, ; Lucarelli, Sechi, Cimino, & Chatoor, ; Norris et al, ).…”

Emotional-Behavioral Functioning, Maternal Psychopathologic Risk and Quality of Mother–Child Feeding Interactions in Children with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

“…In particular, the mothers filled out the child behavior checklist (CBCL 1.5-5) [34] for the assessment of children's emotional-behavioral functioning and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) [35] for the assessment of their psychopathologic symptoms. These tools were chosen because they are very widely used in international research and proved their validity to capture a wide range of psychopathologic difficulties that can be experienced by mothers and children [17,36,37]. Moreover, mother-child feeding interactions were videotapes during a main meal (20-min videos) at the family home, based on a validated procedure [38,39] and in line with previous studies [25,40].…”

Validation of a childhood eating disorder outcome scale

“…About one-third of participants in this study had ARFID; these patients may show less fear of being fat and body image distortion, which might account for the low scores for the disease-specific factor. Furthermore, several psychometric studies have shown that the patient’s emotional state or interpersonal relationships were more relevant to pathophysiology in children with ARFID than in children with typical AN [39, 40].…”