Avoidance of accelerated aging in schizophrenia?: Clinical and biological characterization of an exceptionally high functioning individual

Palmer, Barton W.; Moore, Raeanne C.; Eyler, Lisa T.; Pinto, Luz L; Saks, Elyn R.; Jeste, Dilip V.

doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.052

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In a case-control study involving high-functioning schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects no behavioral group differences were found during facial emotion perception (Karpouzian et al, 2017). Another study (Palmer et al, 2018) using an affective face matching task (Hariri et al, 2000) in order to investigate one highfunctioning schizophrenia patient showed that this patient performed better than other non-high-functioning patients with schizophrenia and similar to a non-psychiatric control group. It is important to emphasize that deriving conclusions from a study investigating only one subject, thus not having a basis for generalization, remains highly speculative.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Neural Correlates of Facial Emotion Recognition in Non-help-seeking University Students With Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis

et al. 2022

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BackgroundSince the introduction of the neurodevelopmental perspective of schizophrenia research on individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) has gained increasing interest, aiming at early detection and intervention. Results from fMRI studies investigating behavioral and brain functional changes in UHR during facial emotion recognition, an essential component of social cognition, showed heterogenous results, probably due clinical diversity across these investigations. This fMRI study investigated emotion recognition in a sub-group of the UHR spectrum, namely non-help-seeking, drug-naïve UHR with high cognitive functioning to reveal the neurofunctional underpinnings of their social functioning in comparison to healthy controls.MethodsTwo large cohorts of students from an elite University (n1 = 4,040, n2 = 4,364) were screened firstly with the Prodromal Questionnaires and by surpassing predefined cut-offs then interviewed with the semi-structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes to verify their UHR status. Twenty-one identified non-help-seeking UHR and 23 non-UHR control subjects were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while classifying emotions (i.e., neutral, happy, disgust and fear) in a facial emotion recognition task.ResultsBehaviorally, no group differences were found concerning accuracy, reaction times, sensitivity or specificity, except that non-help-seeking UHR showed higher specificity when recognizing neutral facial expressions. In comparison to healthy non-UHR controls, non-help-seeking UHR showed generally higher activation in the superior temporal and left Heschl's gyrus as well as in the somatosensory, insular and midcingulate cortex than the control subjects during the entire recognition task regardless of the emotion categories. In an exploratory analysis, in the non-help-seeking UHR group, functional activity in the left superior temporal gyrus was significantly correlated with deficits in the ability to experience emotions at uncorrected statistical thresholds.ConclusionsCompared to healthy controls, non-help-seeking UHR show no behavioral deficits during facial emotion recognition, but functional hyperactivities in brain regions associated with this cognitive process. Our study may inspire future early intervention and provide loci for treatment using neural stimulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Neural Correlates of Facial Emotion Recognition in Non-help-seeking University Students With Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis

et al. 2022

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“…Younger adults with SMI are prone to diseases associated with aging (Czepielewski et al, 2013;Hennekens et al, 2005;Soreca et al, 2008) and have twice the risk of dying from cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases compared to the general population (Saha et al, 2007). Physiological changes seen throughout the body with normal aging occur at earlier ages, including chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, which has led to the theoretical framework of SMI as disorders of accelerated biological aging (Jeste et al, 2011;Kirkpatrick et al, 2008;Nguyen et al, 2018a;Palmer et al, 2018;Rizzo et al, 2014). Given that lifespans are generally increasing for the general population (Christensen et al, 2009), while the mortality gap for schizophrenia is growing (Lee et al, 2018), understanding the mechanisms of potential accelerated aging in SMI is imperative.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiome in serious mental illnesses: A systematic review and critical evaluation

Nguyen

Hathaway

Kościółek

et al. 2021

Schizophrenia Research

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Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD) are associated with debilitating psychiatric and cognitive dysfunction, worse health outcomes, and shorter life expectancies. The pathophysiological understanding of and therapeutic resources for these neuropsychiatric disorders are still limited. Humans harbor over 1000 unique bacterial species in our gut, which have been linked to both physical and mental/cognitive health. The gut microbiome is a novel and promising avenue to understand the attributes of psychiatric diseases and, potentially, to modify them. Building upon our previous work, this systematic review evaluates the most recent evidence of the gut microbiome in clinical populations with serious mental illness (SMI). Sixteen articles that met our selection criteria were reviewed, including cross-sectional cohort studies and longitudinal treatment trials. All studies reported alterations in the gut microbiome of patients with SMI compared to non-psychiatric comparison subjects (NCs), and beta-diversity was consistently reported to be different between schizophrenia and NCs. Ruminococcaceae and Faecalibacterium were relatively decreased in BD, and abundance of Ruminococcaceae was reported across several investigations of SMI to be associated with better clinical characteristics. Lactic acid bacteria were relatively more abundant in SMI and associated with worse clinical outcomes. There was very limited evidence for the efficacy of probiotic or prebiotic interventions in SMI. As microbiome research in psychiatry is still nascent, the extant literature has several limitations. We critically evaluate the current data, including experimental approaches. There is a need for more unified methodological standards in order to arrive at robust biological understanding of microbial contributions to SMI.

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“…The final article by Palmer et al (2018) looks at accelerated biological aging in schizophrenia from a markedly different anglehow a person with this illness can possibly avoid accelerated aging. The authors utilize a case-study approach to closely examine the clinical and biological characteristics of an exceptionally highfunctioning woman with schizophrenia who is entering late life, in comparison with demographically similar typically-functioning women with schizophrenia and with non-psychiatric comparison (NC) women.…”

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confidence: 99%

Aging of the body and the brain in schizophrenia

Eyler

Jeste

2018

Schizophrenia Research

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Schizophrenia has long been recognized to be accompanied by greater physical morbidity and elevated mortality (Meyer and Nasrallah, 2009). Yet, it is only relatively recently that investigators have begun to fully explore the possibility that the schizophrenia syndrome affects not only the brain but the rest of the body as well. This multi-systemic view of the disorder was initially proposed in a review by Kirkpatrick and Galderisi (2008) who posed the question of whether schizophrenia was a disease of accelerated aging. By focusing the field on the notion that aging of both body and brain might be more rapid in people with schizophrenia compared to those without a serious mental illness, their review consolidated previous work and suggested studying the syndrome through a new prism.This Special Issue begins with an updated review from Kirkpatrick and Kennedy (2018). The authors once again consider the complex relationship between disease and aging in schizophrenia, and whether it might qualify as a segmental progeroid syndrome, characterized by some but not all aspects of accelerated aging. In briefly reviewing progress in testing some of the hypotheses of their original article (Kirkpatrick and Galderisi, 2008), the authors note some areas in which evidence is consistently supportive of accelerated aging (e.g., glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, prolactin, inflammation, and oxidative stress) and others where the evidence is more mixed (e.g., cognition and telomere length). They highlight the need for more longitudinal studies, and emphasize the importance of accounting for potential confounds such as antipsychotic use, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors (e.g., sedentary lifestyle, smoking, diet), and body mass index in studies of accelerated aging in schizophrenia.Furthermore, within the schizophrenia syndrome, subgroups may exist that are determined by clinical features, genetic or environmental risk factors, level of inflammation, or other factors. These subgroups may also differ in whether or not, or in what systems, accelerated aging occurs. The authors then considered seven inter-related mechanistic pathways thought to be involved in aging: epigenetic changes/DNA methylation, inflammation, proteostasis, including the mTOR signaling factor, adult stem cell function, metabolic changes, adaptation to stress, and macromolecu-

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Avoidance of accelerated aging in schizophrenia?: Clinical and biological characterization of an exceptionally high functioning individual

Cited by 7 publications

References 42 publications

Neural Correlates of Facial Emotion Recognition in Non-help-seeking University Students With Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis

Neural Correlates of Facial Emotion Recognition in Non-help-seeking University Students With Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis

Gut microbiome in serious mental illnesses: A systematic review and critical evaluation

Aging of the body and the brain in schizophrenia

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