Avoidable Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Contribution of Selected Risk Factors for Cardiovascular-Related Deaths

Mazloumi, Ehsan; Poorolajal, Jalal; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Roohafza, Hamid Reza; Faradmal, Javad; Karami, Manoochehr

doi:10.1007/s40292-019-00319-3

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…With respect to FCOs in Brazil, there are many factors that can contribute to the increase in weight gain and the development of CVD, among which are 24‐hour shifts, long periods of sitting, and fear and anxiety contributing to occupational stress. Although there was no significant association among arterial hypertension, healthy eating, and physical activity in this study, these risks are well‐known 36,38 …”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

“…Although there was no significant association among arterial hypertension, healthy eating, and physical activity in this study, these risks are well-known. 36,38 Among the limitations of this research, we highlight here our inability to measure blood pressure three times, as recommended by Brazilian and international guidelines for the diagnosis of SAH 39,40 ; primary dependence on self-reporting for many conditions; the cross-sectional design which limits interpretation; the difficulty of access to some prisons, excluding them from our study; as well as the reduced time for conducting interviews and evaluating the FCOs in general.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 These results were related to a poorly balanced diet and physical inactivity, thus, leaving FCO exposed to the development of many diseases, such as SAH. 22,35 CVDs are the leading cause of death worldwide, 36 most of which can be prevented through attention to behavioral risk factors such as tobacco use, inadequate diet, obesity, physical inactivity, and harmful use of alcohol. 37 Reducing exposure to these factors can increase life expectancy for individuals, improve quality of life, and, consequently, minimize spending by governments and society in general.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in female prison correctional officers in a national sample in Brazil

Silva

Mota

Macena

et al. 2020

Journal of Occupational Health

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Objectives To estimate hypertension prevalence and associated factors among female correctional officers (FCO) in female Brazilian prisons. Methods Cross‐sectional, analytical study conducted in 15 female prisons in all five Brazilian regions between January 2014 and December 2015. The study population consisted of correctional officers with at least 6 months in the position. The sampling included 40% of FCO present in the prison during data collection, yielding 295 FCOs. Data were collected via Audio Computer‐Assisted Self‐Interview . A physical examination of participants was conducted including blood pressure, weight, and waist and hip circumference. The Odds Ratio and confidence intervals for independent factors were estimated. Results Hypertension prevalence in correctional officers was 37.9%, (95% CI 32.1‐44.0). Hypertension was associated with obesity (95% CI = 1.884‐9.947), cardiovascular disease (95% CI = 3.348‐16.724), and participation in the specific training course for the relevant position (95% CI = 1.413‐9.564). Conclusions While findings, except for the last factor, are not novel, this is the first such study conducted in Brazil. Hypertension prevalence among this pool of all female correctional officers is higher than in the average population, and FCOs associate this with the prison environment. Current training does not appear to address this problem. Especially since prison populations are growing in Brazil, this problem needs to be addressed for the health of the FCOs and the prisoners in their care.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in female prison correctional officers in a national sample in Brazil

Silva

Mota

Macena

et al. 2020

Journal of Occupational Health

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“…Hypertension or elevated blood pressure (BP) represents a significant cause of avoidable cardiovascular debility and early death in less-developed countries with inadequately resourced healthcare systems [ 1 , 2 ]. Suboptimal control of BP in the growing hypertensive population is a major contributory factor to the rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of hypertension in Ghanaian society: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment

et al. 2021

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Background Hypertension has become an important public health concern in the developing world owing to rising prevalence and its adverse impact on ailing health systems. Despite being a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, hypertension has not received the needed attention in Ghana as a result of various competing interests for scarce health resources. This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a comprehensive and updated summary of the literature on the prevalence of hypertension in Ghana. Methods Major databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar and local thesis repositories were accessed to identify population-based studies on hypertension among Ghanaians. Data extracted from retrieved reports were screened independently by two reviewers. The quality of eligible studies was evaluated and reported. A reliable pooled estimate of hypertension prevalence was calculated utilizing a random-effects model and reported according to the GRADE framework. Additionally, a meta-regression analysis was performed to analyze the contribution of study-level variables to variance in hypertension prevalence. Results In general, a total of 45,470 subjects (n = 22,866 males and 22,604 females) were enrolled from urban (n = 12), rural (n = 8), and mixed populations (n = 7). Blood pressure (BP) was measured across studies according to a validated and clinically approved protocol by trained field workers or healthcare workers including nurses and physicians. A combined total of 30,033 participants across twenty studies reporting on the population prevalence of hypertension were pooled with 10,625 (35.4%) identified to satisfy study criteria for elevated BP. The pooled prevalence across 24 studies was 30.3% (95% CI 26.1–34.8%) after fitting a random effects model. Prevalence of hypertension was 30.1% (95% CI 25.6–36.0%) among females and 34.0% (95% CI 28.5–40.0%) among males. Significant differences in pooled estimates across regions emerged from subgroup comparisons of regional estimates with an increasing trend in the north-to-south direction and with increasing age. Compared to rural settings, the burden of hypertension in urban populations was significantly higher. Age structure and population type accounted for 65.0% of the observed heterogeneity in hypertension estimates. Conclusions The prevalence of hypertension in Ghana is still high. The gap in hypertension prevalence between rural and urban populations is closing especially in elderly populations. These findings must claim the attention of public health authorities in Ghana to explore opportunities to reduce rural hypertension. Systematic review registration The protocol for this review has been published previously with PROSPERO (CRD42020215829).

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“…Shadmani et al used the scenario of plausible minimum risk level and reported the GIF of HTN for CVD to be 9.3% and 14.7% for males and females, respectively. 43 Mazloumi et al 44 reported the corresponding value of 25% reduction in the prevalence of HTN for CVD-related mortality among EMRO countries to be 11.8%. It is suggested that the plausible minimum level be determined to reduce the prevalence of important CVD risk factors and to calculate the GIF using the joint intervention approach to develop applicable policies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Estimation of Generalized Impact Fraction and Population Attributable Fraction of Hypertension Based on JNC-IV and 2017 ACC/AHA Guidelines for Cardiovascular Diseases Using Parametric G-Formula: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS)</p>

Saatchi

Mansournia

Khalili

et al. 2020

RMHP

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An area of interest to health policymakers is the effect of interventions aimed at risk factors on decreasing the number of new cardiovascular disease (CVD) cases. The aim of this study was to estimate the generalized impact fraction (GIF) and population attributable fraction (PAF) of hypertension (HTN) for CVD in Tehran. Patients and Methods: In this population-based cohort study, 8071 participants aged ≥30 years were followed for a median of 16 years. A survival model was used to estimate the 10-and 18-year risk of CVD. JNC-IV and 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines were used to categorize blood pressure (BP). PAF and GIF were estimated in different scenarios using the parametric G-formula. Results: Of 7378 participants included in analyses, 22.7% and 52.3% were classified as hypertensive according to the JNC-IV and 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines, respectively. According to the 2017 ACC/AHA, the 10-year risk of CVD was 5.1% (4.3-6.0%), 8.9% (6.7-12.0%), and 7.1% (6.1-8.4%) for normal BP, elevated BP, and stage 1 HTN, respectively, and 20.8% (18.8-23.0%) for stage 2 of the 2017 ACC/AHA and JNC-IV. The PAF of stage 2 vs stage 1 and vs normal BP for CVD was 17.4% (11.5-21.8%) and 20.4% (14.6-26.4%), respectively. The GIF of 30% reduction in the prevalence of stage 2 HTN to stage 1 and to normal BP for CVD was 5.1% (3.4-6.6%) and 6.1% (4.4-8.0%), respectively. Based on JNC-IV, the PAF and GIF of 30% for CVD were 17.8% (12.7-22.9%) and 5.4% (4.0-6.9%), respectively. Conclusion: By reducing the prevalence of HTN by 30%, a remarkable number of new CVD cases would be prevented. In an Iranian population, the comparison of HTN cases with normal BP showed no association between stage 1 HTN and CVD, whereas elevated BP was a significant risk factor for the incidence of CVD.

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Avoidable Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Contribution of Selected Risk Factors for Cardiovascular-Related Deaths

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in female prison correctional officers in a national sample in Brazil

Prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in female prison correctional officers in a national sample in Brazil

Prevalence of hypertension in Ghanaian society: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment

<p>Estimation of Generalized Impact Fraction and Population Attributable Fraction of Hypertension Based on JNC-IV and 2017 ACC/AHA Guidelines for Cardiovascular Diseases Using Parametric G-Formula: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS)</p>

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