Avihepadnavirus diversity in parrots is comparable to that found amongst all other avian species

Piasecki, Tomasz; Harkins, Gordon William; Chrząstek, Klaudia; Julian, Laurel; Martin, Darren P.; Varsani, Arvind

doi:10.1016/j.virol.2013.01.009

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…The genomes share >99.6% identity, while the overall diversity of known APVs (calculated by the inclusion of the 14 genomes available in GenBank) is 0.8%. It is worth noting that six of the eight APV-infected liver samples reported here also contained BFDV ( 10 ) and/or parrot hepatitis B virus (PHBV) ( 11 ). Two samples, P. eupatria (PL830) and P. krameri (PL1233), were coinfected with both BFDV and PHBV, while PHBV alone had been identified in two additional APV-infected P. krameri strains (PL904 and PL1220) ( 11 ).…”

Section: Genome Announcementmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…In order to identify APVs circulating in various breeding facilities in Poland, total DNA was extracted from liver samples collected between 2007 and 2011 from 26 deceased parrots ( Melopsittacus undulatus , n = 6; Platycercus elegans , n = 2; Psittacula eupatria , n = 1; Psittacula krameri , n = 15; Psittacus erithacus , n = 1; and Trichoglossus haematodus , n = 1), as previously described ( 10 – 12 ). Total DNA was enriched by rolling circle amplification using the illustra TempliPhi amplification kit (GE Healthcare, USA), and the concatenated DNA was digested separately with BamH1 and Xmn1 restriction enzymes.…”

Section: Genome Announcementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Avian Polyomavirus Genome Sequences Recovered from Parrots in Captive Breeding Facilities in Poland

et al. 2015

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Section: Genome Announcementmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Genome Announcementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Polyomavirus Genome Sequences Recovered from Parrots in Captive Breeding Facilities in Poland

et al. 2015

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“…The Hepadnaviridae are a family of reverse-transcribing dsDNA viruses infecting various species of birds [12] and mammals, including bats [13] , rodents [14] , and primates [15] . In humans, hepatitis B virus (HBV) poses one of the most widespread global health problems that affects more than 2 billion people and leads to >500,000 deaths per year [16] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Mesozoic Coexistence of Amniotes and Hepadnaviridae

et al. 2014

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Hepadnaviridae are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect some species of birds and mammals. This includes humans, where hepatitis B viruses (HBVs) are prevalent pathogens in considerable parts of the global population. Recently, endogenized sequences of HBVs (eHBVs) have been discovered in bird genomes where they constitute direct evidence for the coexistence of these viruses and their hosts from the late Mesozoic until present. Nevertheless, virtually nothing is known about the ancient host range of this virus family in other animals. Here we report the first eHBVs from crocodilian, snake, and turtle genomes, including a turtle eHBV that endogenized >207 million years ago. This genomic “fossil” is >125 million years older than the oldest avian eHBV and provides the first direct evidence that Hepadnaviridae already existed during the Early Mesozoic. This implies that the Mesozoic fossil record of HBV infection spans three of the five major groups of land vertebrates, namely birds, crocodilians, and turtles. We show that the deep phylogenetic relationships of HBVs are largely congruent with the deep phylogeny of their amniote hosts, which suggests an ancient amniote–HBV coexistence and codivergence, at least since the Early Mesozoic. Notably, the organization of overlapping genes as well as the structure of elements involved in viral replication has remained highly conserved among HBVs along that time span, except for the presence of the X gene. We provide multiple lines of evidence that the tumor-promoting X protein of mammalian HBVs lacks a homolog in all other hepadnaviruses and propose a novel scenario for the emergence of X via segmental duplication and overprinting of pre-existing reading frames in the ancestor of mammalian HBVs. Our study reveals an unforeseen host range of prehistoric HBVs and provides novel insights into the genome evolution of hepadnaviruses throughout their long-lasting association with amniote hosts.

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“…These include the Orthohepadnavirus woolly monkey HBV (WMHBV) and the Avihepadnavirus heron hepatitis B virus (HHBV) (Sprengel et al 1988;Lanford et al 1998). It is possible that a newly discovered Avihepadnavirus in parakeets and new orthohepadnaviruses found in bats may be designated novel viral species (Drexler et al 2013;Piasecki et al 2013).…”

Section: Discovery Of Animal Models Of Hbv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the remaining avihepadnaviruses shown here, only heron HBV (HHBV) (Sprengel et al 1988) is designated a distinct species (Fauquet et al 2005). Virus isolates from the Ross goose (RGHBV), crane (CHBV) (Prassolov et al 2003), stork (STHBV) (Pult et al 2001), and parakeet (PHBV) (Piasecki et al 2013) remain unassigned.…”

Section: Discovery Of Animal Models Of Hbv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models and the Molecular Biology of Hepadnavirus Infection

Mason

2015

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

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Australian antigen, the envelope protein of hepatitis B virus (HBV), was discovered in 1967 as a prevalent serum antigen in hepatitis B patients. Early electron microscopy (EM) studies showed that this antigen was present in 22-nm particles in patient sera, which were believed to be incomplete virus. Complete virus, much less abundant than the 22-nm particles, was finally visualized in 1970. HBV was soon found to infect chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, gibbon apes, and, more recently, tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) and cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). This restricted host range placed limits on the kinds of studies that might be performed to better understand the biology and molecular biology of HBV and to develop antiviral therapies to treat chronic infections. About 10 years after the discovery of HBV, this problem was bypassed with the discovery of viruses related to HBV in woodchucks, ground squirrels, and ducks. Although unlikely animal models, their use revealed the key steps in hepadnavirus replication and in the host response to infection, including the fact that the viral nuclear episome is the ultimate target for immune clearance of transient infections and antiviral therapy of chronic infections. Studies with these and other animal models have also suggested interesting clues into the link between chronic HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma.

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Avihepadnavirus diversity in parrots is comparable to that found amongst all other avian species

Cited by 13 publications

References 34 publications

Avian Polyomavirus Genome Sequences Recovered from Parrots in Captive Breeding Facilities in Poland

Avian Polyomavirus Genome Sequences Recovered from Parrots in Captive Breeding Facilities in Poland

Early Mesozoic Coexistence of Amniotes and Hepadnaviridae

Animal Models and the Molecular Biology of Hepadnavirus Infection

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