Aviation gas turbine alternative fuels: A review

Blakey, Simon; Rye, Lucas; Wilson, C. W.

doi:10.1016/j.proci.2010.09.011

Cited by 434 publications

(275 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Blakey et al conducted a review of alternative fuels for aviation. 8 They considered many parameters including the chemical composition of the fuels along with the fuel physical properties. They reported that Bio-SPK has shown benefits as a 50/50 blend with conventional fuel in terms of fuel burn and particulate matter but more work is required before 100% Bio-SPK can be used in aviation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do liquid fuel physical properties affect liquid jet development in atomisers?

Charalampous

Hardalupas

2016

Physics of Fluids

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The influence of liquid fuel properties on atomisation remains an open question. The droplet sizes in sprays from atomisers operated with different fuels may be modified despite the small changes of the liquid properties. This paper examines experimentally the development of a liquid jet injected from a plain orifice in order to evaluate changes in its behaviour due to modifications of the liquid properties, which may influence the final atomisation characteristics. Two aviation kerosenes with similar, but not identical physical properties are considered, namely standard JP8 kerosene as the reference fuel and bio-derived Hydro-processed Renewable Jet (HRJ) fuel as an alternative biofuel. The corresponding density, dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity and surface tension change by about +5%, -5%, -10% and +5% respectively, which are typical for ‘drop-in’ fuel substitution. Three aspects of the liquid jet behaviour are experimentally considered. The pressure losses of the liquid jet through the nozzle are examined in terms of the discharge coefficient for different flowrates. The morphology of the liquid jet is visualised using high magnification Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) imaging. Finally, the temporal development of the liquid jet interfacial velocity as a function of distance from the nozzle exit is measured from time-dependent motion analysis of dual-frame LIF imaging measurements of the jet. The results show that for the small changes in the physical properties between the considered liquid fuels, the direct substitution of fuel did not result in a drastic change of the external morphology of the fuel jets. However, the small changes in the physical properties modify the interfacial velocities of the liquid and consequently the internal jet velocity profile. These changes can modify the interaction of the liquid jet with the surroundings, including air flows in coaxial or cross flow atomisation, and influence the atomisation characteristics during changes of liquid fuels

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do liquid fuel physical properties affect liquid jet development in atomisers?

Charalampous

Hardalupas

2016

Physics of Fluids

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“…In the United States, several alternative energy sources are possible, including natural gas, coal and biomass. Natural gas and coal are in abundant supply in the United States but are still non-renewable and have a large environmental footprint [39]. Biomass based sources, are potentially more environmentally friendly, although the life cycle analysis must certainly be taken into account [40,41].…”

Section: Alternative or Synthetic Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Storage on Turbine Engine Fuels

Johnson¹

2018

Flight Physics - Models, Techniques and Technologies

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Modern aviation requires reliable and safe sources of fuel which means fuel is frequently stored for extended periods. In addition, as fuel is used, new fuel is added which is not always compatible with the fuel in the tank. The incompatibility and long-term storage leads to a number of problems that will be addressed in this chapter. Some of the possible changes over time include formation of bioilms, deposit formation, water incorporation and additive depletion. The chemistry and biochemistry of each of these areas will be discussed along with how they might be prevented. New areas of research on low temperature oxidation of trace fuel components and the prevention of bacterial growth will be presented. Other problems are related to the reaction of trace components in the fuel which can lead to oxidation and deposit formation. Trace components also vary based on fuel source and lead to problems in compatibility of diferent fuels. In addition some of the reactions of fuel additives will be discussed.

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“…Alternative fuels that are composed of conventional kerosene-based fuel Jet-A1 and bio jet fuels have shown promising results in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other performance indicators. Several research programs studied alternative fuels for aviation quite extensively, as reviewed in Blakey et al (2011). The facility that was used to test the different alternative fuels under different engine airto-fuel ratios, houses a Honeywell GTCP85-129, which is an auxiliary power unit of turboshaft gas turbine engine type.…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Data Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vibration Monitoring of Gas Turbine Engines: Machine-Learning Approaches and Their Challenges

Matthaiou

Khandelwal

Antoniadou

2017

Front. Built Environ.

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In this study, condition monitoring strategies are examined for gas turbine engines using vibration data. The focus is on data-driven approaches, for this reason a novelty detection framework is considered for the development of reliable data-driven models that can describe the underlying relationships of the processes taking place during an engine's operation. From a data analysis perspective, the high dimensionality of features extracted and the data complexity are two problems that need to be dealt with throughout analyses of this type. The latter refers to the fact that the healthy engine state data can be non-stationary. To address this, the implementation of the wavelet transform is examined to get a set of features from vibration signals that describe the non-stationary parts. The problem of high dimensionality of the features is addressed by "compressing" them using the kernel principal component analysis so that more meaningful, lowerdimensional features can be used to train the pattern recognition algorithms. For feature discrimination, a novelty detection scheme that is based on the one-class support vector machine (OCSVM) algorithm is chosen for investigation. The main advantage, when compared to other pattern recognition algorithms, is that the learning problem is being cast as a quadratic program. The developed condition monitoring strategy can be applied for detecting excessive vibration levels that can lead to engine component failure. Here, we demonstrate its performance on vibration data from an experimental gas turbine engine operating on different conditions. Engine vibration data that are designated as belonging to the engine's "normal" condition correspond to fuels and airto-fuel ratio combinations, in which the engine experienced low levels of vibration. Results demonstrate that such novelty detection schemes can achieve a satisfactory validation accuracy through appropriate selection of two parameters of the OCSVM, the kernel width γ and optimization penalty parameter ν. This selection was made by searching along a fixed grid space of values and choosing the combination that provided the highest cross-validation accuracy. Nevertheless, there exist challenges that are discussed along with suggestions for future work that can be used to enhance similar novelty detection schemes.

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Aviation gas turbine alternative fuels: A review

Cited by 434 publications

References 33 publications

How do liquid fuel physical properties affect liquid jet development in atomisers?

How do liquid fuel physical properties affect liquid jet development in atomisers?

The Effects of Storage on Turbine Engine Fuels

Vibration Monitoring of Gas Turbine Engines: Machine-Learning Approaches and Their Challenges

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