Aviation Fuel Substitutes

Goodger, E. M.; Vere, Ray

doi:10.1007/978-1-349-06904-0_12

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The addition of aromatics to gasoline reduces the propensity to knocking and increases the fuel octane number . Also, fuel components such as toluene and xylene have the desirable properties of high energy rating and high knock rating. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Temperature Measurements of the Reactions of OH with Toluene and Acetone

2005

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The reaction of hydroxyl [OH] radicals with toluene [C6H5CH3] was studied at temperatures between 911 and 1389 K behind reflected shock waves at pressures of approximately 2.25 atm. OH radicals were generated by rapid thermal decomposition of shock-heated tert-butyl hydroperoxide [(CH3)3-CO-OH], and monitored by narrow-line width ring dye laser absorption of the well-characterized R1(5) line of the OH A-X (0,0) band near 306.7 nm. OH time histories were modeled by using a comprehensive toluene oxidation mechanism. Rate constants for the reaction of C6H5CH3 with OH were extracted by matching modeled and measured OH concentration time histories in the reflected shock region. Detailed error analyses yielded an uncertainty estimate of +/-30% at 1115 K for the rate coefficient of this reaction. The current high-temperature data were fit with the lower temperature measurements of Tully et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 1981, 85, 2262-2269] to the following two-parameter form, applicable over 570-1389 K: k3 = (1.62 x 10(13)) exp(-1394/T [K]) [cm3 mol(-1) s(-1)]. The reaction between OH radicals and acetone [CH3COCH3] was one of the secondary reactions encountered in the toluene + OH experiments. Direct high-temperature measurements of this reaction were carried out at temperatures ranging from 982 to 1300 K in reflected shock wave experiments at an average total pressure of 1.65 atm. Uncertainty limits were estimated to be +/-25% at 1159 K. A two-parameter fit of the current data yields the following rate expression: k6 = (2.95 x 10(13)) exp(-2297/T [K]) [cm3 mol(-1) s(-1)].

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Temperature Measurements of the Reactions of OH with Toluene and Acetone

2005

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“…Hydrazine has been reported to present a RON value of 110 . This said, concerning the use of hydrazines in gasoline formulation, scarce literature has been found on their effect on the anti-knock quality of the fuel.…”

Section: Ash-less Octane Enhancer Additives (<2 Vol %)mentioning

confidence: 99%

New Octane Booster Molecules for Modern Gasoline Composition

et al. 2021

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In the framework of reducing GHG emissions and accelerating the decarbonization of the road transport sector, vehicle efficiency is a key factor for competitiveness. In this sense, the refining industry can make its contribution by reformulating high-octane petrol fuel. The impact of this type of gasoline from CO2 emission balance, technical feasibility, and economics standpoints has recently been assessed by the petroleum industry with promising results, and new potential boosters that could improve the octane number of standard gasoline are more needed than ever. The present work summarizes a comprehensive review aimed at collecting available data regarding chemical molecules that can be used in advanced gasoline formulations for modern spark-ignited car engines focusing on ash-free technologies. Potential boosters are divided into two categories: high-octane gasoline components and octane enhancer additives, with 2 vol % the considered frontier concentration between them. Targeted chemical compounds examined in the screening for high-octane components include isoparaffins, olefins, aromatics, alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones, furans, and carbonates. Chemical families assessed as additives were anilines, hydrazines, amines, pyridines, quinolines, indoles, N-nitrosamines, iodine compounds, selenium compounds, phenols, formates, oxalates, and, in lesser extension, other families. The scope of the analysis includes not only anti-knock effectiveness but also associated side effects for the engine, possible effects on both human health and the environment, current applications, and compatibility with existing infrastructure, among others. Promising opportunities in the medium- and long-terms for every family of chemical compounds that can potentially improve the anti-knock character of modern gasolines well beyond current specifications worldwide are presented. Furthermore, a few chemical families are identified as the most promising ones to be used in future gasoline formulations, either as high-octane components (such as ethers, ketones, and esters) or as octane booster additives (such as anilines, N-nitrosamines, and phenols).

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Aviation Fuel Substitutes

Cited by 2 publications

References 11 publications

High-Temperature Measurements of the Reactions of OH with Toluene and Acetone

High-Temperature Measurements of the Reactions of OH with Toluene and Acetone

New Octane Booster Molecules for Modern Gasoline Composition

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