Avian Zoogeography of the Neotropical Lowlands

Haffer, Jürgen

doi:10.2307/40168280

Cited by 116 publications

(101 citation statements)

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“…A second prediction of the riverine barrier hypothesis comes from the observation that the upper reaches of all major Amazonian rivers are narrower than the lower reaches; therefore, a gradual reduction of the ''river-barrier effect'' is expected to take place from the lower to the upper part of the river's course (Haffer 1992). The expected outcome is a higher genetic similarity between populations from opposite banks in the headwaters than in the lower parts of rivers (Gascon et al 2000).Originally developed as a speciation model for Palearctic birds (Stresemann 1919), the refuge hypothesis was first applied to explain patterns of avian speciation in the Neotropics by Haffer (1969). This hypothesis holds that climatic and 1304 ALEXANDRE ALEIXO vegetational changes promoted cladogenesis in organisms by cyclically fragmenting and reuniting their ranges.…”

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“…Originally developed as a speciation model for Palearctic birds (Stresemann 1919), the refuge hypothesis was first applied to explain patterns of avian speciation in the Neotropics by Haffer (1969). This hypothesis holds that climatic and 1304 ALEXANDRE ALEIXO vegetational changes promoted cladogenesis in organisms by cyclically fragmenting and reuniting their ranges.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Ancestral populations isolated in these three land blocks began to diverge from each other and eventually speciated (Bates 2001). Seven major centers or areas of endemism for birds have been recognized in Amazonia (Haffer 1974;Cracraft 1985; Fig. 1); each of those areas harbor a unique set of endemic taxa thought to be the result of vicariant mechanisms that promoted species diversification in Amazonia (Haffer 1985).…”

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“…Seven major centers or areas of endemism for birds have been recognized in Amazonia (Haffer 1974;Cracraft 1985; Fig. 1); each of those areas harbor a unique set of endemic taxa thought to be the result of vicariant mechanisms that promoted species diversification in Amazonia (Haffer 1985). Based on the tenets of vicariance biogeography, the following prediction of historical relationships among areas of endemism for birds in Amazonia is expected under the Miocene marine incursion hypothesis ( Fig.…”

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“…As early as 1852, the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace put forward an evolutionary hypothesis to explain the history of diversification of Amazonian vertebrates (Wallace 1852), and since then, several alternative hypotheses have been proposed (Haffer 1969(Haffer , 1993Endler 1977;Colinvaux 1993;Bush 1994;Marroig and Cerqueira 1997). More recently, to distinguish effectively among competing hypotheses of species diversification, several researchers have attempted to adopt a phylogeographic approach to study the diversification of the Amazonian biota Silva and Patton 1998;Lougheed et al 1999;Moritz et al 2000).…”

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Historical Diversification of a Terra-Firme Forest Bird Superspecies: A Phylogeographic Perspective on the Role of Different Hypotheses of Amazonian Diversification

2004

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Abstract. Among those few hypotheses of Amazonian diversification amenable to falsification by phylogenetic and population genetics methods, three can be singled out because of their general application to vertebrates: the riverine barrier, the refuge, and the Miocene marine incursion hypotheses. I used phylogenetic and population genetics methods to reconstruct the diversification history of the upland (terra-firme) forest superspecies Xiphorhynchus spixii/elegans (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae) in Amazonia, and to evaluate predictions of the riverine barrier, refuge, and Miocene marine incursion hypotheses. Phylogeographic and population genetics analyses of the X. spixii/elegans superspecies indicated that the main prediction of the riverine barrier hypothesis (that sister lineages occur across major rivers) hold only for populations separated by ''clear-water'' rivers located on the Brazilian shield, in central and eastern Amazonia; in contrast, ''white-water'' rivers located in western Amazonia did not represent areas of primary divergence for populations of this superspecies. The main prediction derived from the refuge hypothesis (that populations of the X. spixii/elegans superspecies would show signs of past population bottlenecks and recent demographic expansions) was supported only for populations found in western Amazonia, where paleoecological data have failed to support past rainforest fragmentation and expansion of open vegetation types; conversely, populations from the eastern and central parts of Amazonia, where paleoecological data are consistent with an historical interplay between rainforest and open vegetation types, did not show population genetics attributes expected under the refuge hypothesis. Phylogeographic and population genetics data were consistent with the prediction made by the Miocene marine incursion hypothesis that populations of the X. spixii/elegans superspecies found on the Brazilian shield were older than populations from other parts of Amazonia. In contrast, the phylogeny obtained for lineages of this superspecies falsified the predicted monophyly of Brazilian shield populations, as postulated by the Miocene marine incursion hypothesis. In general, important predictions of both riverine barrier and Miocene marine incursion hypotheses were supported, indicating that they are not mutually exclusive; in fact, the data presented herein suggest that an interaction among geology, sea level changes, and hydrography created opportunities for cladogenesis in the X. spixii/elegans superspecies at different temporal and geographical scales.Key words. Aves, Amazonia, Miocene marine incursion hypothesis, phylogeography, population genetics, refuge hypothesis, riverine barrier hypothesis.Received March 10, 2003. Accepted February 10, 2004 The bird fauna of the Amazon lowlands in South America is the richest in the world, with over 1000 species, of which about 265 are endemic (Stotz et al. 1996;Nores 2000). As early as 1852, the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace put forward an evolutionary...

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confidence: 99%

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Historical Diversification of a Terra-Firme Forest Bird Superspecies: A Phylogeographic Perspective on the Role of Different Hypotheses of Amazonian Diversification

2004

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Existing protected areas provide a poor safety‐net for threatened Amazonian fish species

Dagosta

Pinna

Peres

et al. 2020

Aquatic Conservation

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Freshwater ecosystems represent less than 0.01% of Earth's surface water but proportionately encompass the most species‐rich environment on the planet, including nearly one‐third of all vertebrate species. Even though inland continental waters are widely regarded as highly endangered ecosystems, their species assemblages are mostly ignored in conservation plans, largely because spatial patterns of freshwater species remain poorly understood. This is particularly severe throughout the Neotropics, most notably in the Amazon superbasin, where the sheer biotic diversity is coupled with a severe lack of biodiversity knowledge at several levels. Spatial patterns of Neotropical freshwater fishes focusing mainly on the Amazon superbasin were investigated. First, Endemic Amazonian Fish Areas (EAFAs) representing central units for the conservation of continental fishes were delimited. Interpolated maps were then analysed using alternative methodologies to delimit spatial patterns of diversity and endemicity across the Amazon superbasin. Several biogeographical analyses used a comprehensive dataset of species and geographical coordinates of Amazonian fishes. The results reveal well‐defined spatial patterns of species richness and endemicity in the Amazonian fish fauna, showing that most protected areas are concentrated in a single bioregion (Amazon lowlands). Those areas are incongruent and insufficient to protect endemic and threatened species, which are mostly distributed in upland regions. Effective conservation of the Amazonian fish fauna should include EAFAs within protected areas, especially those undergoing deforestation and hydropower development pressure and containing a high concentration of threatened species. The following EAFAs should be considered as conservation priorities: Upper Araguaia, Upper Tocantins, Lower Teles Pires/Serra do Cachimbo, Chapada dos Parecis and Upper Marañon. These regions should be urgently protected to avert the loss of important trophic relationships and unique elements of the Amazonian fish fauna.

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