Avian retina. I. Microelectrode depth and marking studies of local ERG.

Ogden, Thomas E.; Wylie, Richard M.

doi:10.1152/jn.1971.34.3.357

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Previous studies have reported the depth profile of the OPs within the retina. Brindley reported that the maximal amplitude of the oscillations in the frog retina was in the INL [29], and Ogden and Wylie reported that the maximal amplitudes of the first three OPs in the pigeon, chicken, and monkey were at the level of the inner plexiform layer [30, 31]. In the current study, GFAP was strongly stained from the ILM to around the INL in the untreated SDT rats and ranirestat significantly suppressed the area of stained GFAP in the groups treated with 1.0 and 10 mg/kg/day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ranirestat, a New Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, on Diabetic Retinopathy in SDT Rats

Toyoda

Tanaka

Ota

et al. 2014

Journal of Diabetes Research

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Purpose. To evaluate the effect of ranirestat, a new aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI), on diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats. Methods. The animals were divided into six groups, normal Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8), untreated SDT rats (n = 9), ranirestat-treated SDT rats (0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/kg/day, n = 7, 8, and 6, resp.), and epalrestat-treated SDT rats (100 mg/kg/day, n = 7). Treated rats received oral ranirestat or epalrestat once daily for 40 weeks after the onset of diabetes. After the eyes were enucleated, the retinal thickness and the area of stained glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were measured. Results. The retinas in the untreated group were significantly thicker than those in the normal and ranirestat-treated (0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/kg/day) groups. The immunostained area of GFAP in the untreated group was significantly larger than that in the normal and ranirestat-treated (1.0 and 10 mg/kg/day) groups. There were no significant differences between the untreated group and epalrestat-treated group in the retinal thickness and the area of stained GFAP. Conclusion. Ranirestat reduced the retinal thickness and the area of stained GFAP in SDT rats and might suppress DR and have a neuroprotective effect on diabetic retinas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ranirestat, a New Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, on Diabetic Retinopathy in SDT Rats

Toyoda

Tanaka

Ota

et al. 2014

Journal of Diabetes Research

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“…Its voltage depth profile evidently shows considerable species variation (Ogden & Wylie, 1971;Newman, 1980;Holden & Vaegan, 1983;Heynen & van Norren, 1985 Maffei, Fiorentini, Bisti & Hollander, 1985), section of the optic nerve in the pigeon (Bagnoli, Porciatti, Francesconi & Barsellotti, 1984) does not affect the pattern ERG.) Heynen & van Norren (1985) have reported that the primate b-wave results from one distal sink and a more proximal source, at about 60 and 50% retinal depth, respectively.…”

Section: Relation To Other Types Of Electroretinogramsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Current source density analysis of linear and non‐linear components of the primate electroretinogram.

Baker¹,

Hess²,

Olsen³

et al. 1988

The Journal of Physiology

117

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SUMMARY1. Wte have used the method of current source density analysis to locate the generators of harmonic electroretinogram (ERG) responses to contrast-modulated pattern and uniform-field stimuli in the primate retina.2. Sinusoidal steady-state analysis was used, with a stimulus temporal frequency of 8 Hz. Fundamental and second-harmonic response components were measured for the uniform-field response. The second harmonic of the average of contrast-reversal pattern responses obtained at a series of spatial phases was also determined in the same experiments. In addition, retinal tissue resistance was measured. All of these measurements were obtained at a series of equally spaced depths in the retina.3. Retinal resistivity was not observed to vary systematically with depth. In addition, any plausible undetected inhomogeneities of resistivity with depth were found to slightly affect the relative magnitudes of estimated current sources and sinks, but to have little effect on their localization.4. In a given penetration, the phase lag of each harmonic component was relatively constant with depth in most cases; however the magnitude of this phase lag sometimes varied in different penetrations. To compare data from different penetrations, the constant phase lag for each harmonic was estimated, and the response data phase-shifted so as to bring all data into a standard (cosine) phase.5. The resulting current source density analyses were found to be quite consistent in overall form for different penetrations and in different animals. These data were averaged to obtain a final estimate of the depth profiles for generators of different ERG components.6. The uniform-field fundamental response was found to have a predominant source-sink pair in the distal half of the retina (receptor layer to outer plexiform layer). The pattern (second-harmonic) response generators had a quite different depth profile, consisting mainly of a source-sink pair in the proximal 20% of the retina (encompassing the nerve fibre layer to the middle of the inner plexiform layer).

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“…The generation of OPs is a complex subject, and efforts to investigate their source have used varying methods. Intraretinal recordings have localized the OPs to the level of the inner plexiform layer [28], so likely cellular candidates are the axons of bipolar cells, the amacrine cells, and the dendrites of ganglion cells. Studies using pharmacological interventions have found that OPs may result from network firing patterns from cells of the inner retina belonging to the ON-pathway [29] with modulation by amacrine cells [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective inner retinal dysfunction in growth hormone transgenic mice

Martin

List

Kopchick

et al. 2011

Growth Hormone & IGF Research

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Objective The discovery of locally produced growth hormone (GH) and its receptor in the retina of rodents raises the possibility that GH might modulate retinal function. To test this hypothesis, we determined the retinal electroretinogram (ERG) of bovine GH (bGH) transgenic mice. Design ERGs were recorded from 11 wild type (WT) and 9 bGH mice, at 2 months of age in response to a series of light flashes at increasing intensity. Three ERG components were assessed for their amplitude and timing: a-wave, b-wave and oscillatory potentials (OPs). OPs were isolated with a 75–300 Hz digital filter. Retina layer sizes, nuclei number and vascularisation were assessed by respectively staining cross sections with DAPI and Bandeiraea simplicifolia. Results OPs were selectively affected in the bGH mouse compared to WT. When OP amplitude values were normalized to the a-wave amplitude (to account for inter-animal variability in WT and bGH groups), OP2, OP3, and OP4 showed amplitude reductions (of 65%, 72%, and 68%, respectively) in the bGH mouse compared to the WT. This was accompanied by a prolongation of the implicit time for the peak of OP3 (28.1 vs 31.1 ms, WT vs bGH) and OP4 (37.8 vs 41.6 ms), while the implicit time of a- and b-waves were unaffected. Fast Fourier transform analysis revealed that the OPs’ dominant frequency was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the bGH mice (100 Hz) compared to WT (108 Hz). There was no significant change in retinal histology except for a significant increase in the axial length of the eye in bGH mice. Conclusions Mice expressing bGH display a selective inner retinal defect as demonstrated using ERG recordings. The specific OP defect observed in these mice is similar to the ERG results obtained in patients with diabetic retinopathy and in related animal models.

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Avian retina. I. Microelectrode depth and marking studies of local ERG.

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of Ranirestat, a New Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, on Diabetic Retinopathy in SDT Rats

Effect of Ranirestat, a New Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, on Diabetic Retinopathy in SDT Rats

Current source density analysis of linear and non‐linear components of the primate electroretinogram.

Selective inner retinal dysfunction in growth hormone transgenic mice

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