Avian Pox in Native Captive Psittacines, Brazil, 2015

Esteves, Felipe C B; Marin, S. Y.; Resende, Maria Aparecida de; Silva, Aila S.G.; Coelho, H L G; Barbosa, Mayara B; D'Aparecida, Natália Siqueira; Resende, J.S.; Torres, Ana Caroline Doyle; Martins, Nélson Rodrigo da Silva

doi:10.3201/eid2301.161133

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…PCR analysis showed positive results for the fpv167 gene of avipox virus with a band of 576 bp in the skin only ( Figure 5). These results offer an additional confirmation that the etiologic agent is pox virus (Esteves et al 2017). The absence of pox from the liver, lung and airsacs, confirms again the non-diphteric nature of this virus (Moss 1996;Williams et al 2014).…”

Section: Serological Analysissupporting

confidence: 64%

“…The DNA was extracted using the Qiagen DNA minikit (Qiagen GmBH, Hilden, Germany) and subjected to PCR amplification using the RedTaq Ready Mix (Sigma-Aldriche, 3050 Spruce Street, St Louis, MO, USA). The primers were P1 5 ′ -CAGCAGGTGCTAAA-CAACAA-3 ′ and P2 5 ′ -CGGTAGCTTAACGCCGAATA-3 ′ targetting a partial sequence (576 bp) of the gene encoding the P4b core protein (fpv167 locus) of avipoxvirus (Esteves et al 2017;Lee and Lee 1997). The cycling conditions were as follows: 15 min at 95°C followed by 32 cycles of: 95°C for 1 min, 60°C for 2 min, and 72°C for 3 min.…”

Section: Pcr Analysis For Avipoxvirus Chlamydia Psittaci and Mycoplmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of a canarypox virus from an outbreak among canaries (Serinus canaria domesticus) in Lebanon

Shaib

Barbour

2018

Journal of Applied Animal Research

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A canarypox outbreak resulted in the death of about 50% of canaries (Serinus canaria domesticus) in several breeding farms in Lebanon. Infected birds showed thickened eye lid and skin scab-like lesions at the beak, foot and caudal regions and died 5-6 days post disease symptoms onset. Out of seven sick birds that were autopsied for gross pathology evaluation, one bird demonstrated turbid airsacs with absence of any lesions in the trachea, oesophagus, liver and lung. Histopathological examination showed hyperplasia, heterophils infiltration and Bollinger body formation in the skin of five out of the seven autopsied canaries. Hyperplasia and infiltration of heterophils were also observed in the airsacs of one bird. PCR analysis of specimens taken from the skin and feet, targeting the fpv167 gene of the canarypox virus, was positive for all of the analyzed canaries. PCR analysis also revealed that two birds had concurrent infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Sequencing and alignment of the amplified fpv167 gene of the canarypox showed 100% similarity with the Iranian canary pox isolate IR/H913/14. Smuggling of pet birds through the borders should be strictly controlled and biosecurity measures must be adequately applied to control the circulation of the two identified pathogens.

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Section: Serological Analysissupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Pcr Analysis For Avipoxvirus Chlamydia Psittaci and Mycoplmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a canarypox virus from an outbreak among canaries (Serinus canaria domesticus) in Lebanon

Shaib

Barbour

2018

Journal of Applied Animal Research

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“…Studies of APV outbreaks in captive birds has largely focused on poultry and domestic birds, primarily chickens and turkeys [79]. However, similar conditions occur with freeliving species in commercial farms, zoos, recovery centres, aviaries and captive-breeding programmes [22,41,44,[80][81][82][83][84] (Table S3). Confining birds brings together species and populations, and any parasites they might host, to form unnatural communities, often at artificially high concentrations.…”

Section: Outbreaks In Captive Wild Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Prevalence of Poxvirus Disease in Free-Living and Captive Wild Birds

Williams

Truchado

Benı́tez

2021

Microbiology Research

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Avian pox is a widespread infection in birds caused by genus Avipoxvirus pathogens. It is a noteworthy, potentially lethal disease to wild and domestic hosts. It can produce two different conditions: cutaneous pox, and diphtheritic pox. Here, we carry out an exhaustive review of all cases of avian pox reported from wild birds to analyze the effect and distribution in different avian species. Avian poxvirus strains have been detected in at least 374 wild bird species, a 60% increase on a 1999 review on avian pox hosts. We also analyze epizootic cases and if this disease contributes to wild bird population declines. We frequently observe very high prevalence in wild birds in remote island groups, e.g., Hawaii, Galapagos, etc., representing a major risk for the conservation of their unique endemic avifauna. However, the difference in prevalence between islands and continents is not significant given the few available studies. Morbidity and mortality can also be very high in captive birds, due to high population densities. However, despite the importance of the disease, the current detection rate of new Avipoxvirus strains suggests that diversity is incomplete for this group, and more research is needed to clarify its real extent, particularly in wild birds.

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“…Chlamydia psittaci and the Psittacid herpesvirus 1 (PsHV-1) are relevant pathogens that affect parrots and have been observed in captive psittacine in Brazil [13,14], including occasional outbreaks [10]. A neglected virus in wild birds, the avipoxvirus, has also caused an outbreak in psittacine species located in a facility in Brazil [15]. In addition, the Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD) caused by a circovirus, is an exotic pathogen introduced in the country [16], that has been reported in exotic and native pet birds [17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Survey of Pathogens in Wild Amazon Parrot Nestlings: Implications for Conservation

Vaz

Sipinski²,

Seixas

et al. 2021

Diversity

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South America presents the greatest Psittacidae diversity in the world, but also has the highest numbers of threatened parrot species. Recently, exotic viruses have been detected in captive native psittacine birds in Brazil, however, their impacts on the health of wild parrots are still unknown. We evaluated the presence of Chlamydia psittaci, Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 1 (PsHV-1), avipoxvirus and beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in wild Amazona aestiva, A.brasiliensis and A.pretrei nestlings and in wild caught A.aestiva nestlings seized from illegal trade. Samples were collected from 205 wild nestlings and 90 nestlings from illegal trade and pathogen-specific PCR was performed for each sample. Chlamydia DNA prevalence was 4.7% in A.aestiva and 2.5% in A.brasiliensis sampled from the wild. Sequencing revealed that the C.psittaci sample belonged to the genotype A. PsHV-1, avipoxvirus and BFDV DNA was not detected. These results have conservation implications since they suggest that wild parrot populations have a low prevalence of the selected pathogens and, apparently, they were not reached by the exotic BFDV. Stricter health protocols should be established as condition to reintroduction of birds to the wild to guarantee the protection of Neotropical parrots.

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Avian Pox in Native Captive Psittacines, Brazil, 2015

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

Characterization of a canarypox virus from an outbreak among canaries (Serinus canaria domesticus) in Lebanon

Characterization of a canarypox virus from an outbreak among canaries (Serinus canaria domesticus) in Lebanon

A Review on the Prevalence of Poxvirus Disease in Free-Living and Captive Wild Birds

Molecular Survey of Pathogens in Wild Amazon Parrot Nestlings: Implications for Conservation

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