Avian Paramyxoviruses in Shorebirds and Gulls

Abstract

ABSTRACT:There are nine serotypes of avian paramyxovirus (APMV), including APMV-1, or Newcastle disease virus. Although free-flying ducks and geese have been extensively monitored for APMV, limited information is available for species in the order Charadriiformes. From 2000 to 2005 we tested cloacal swabs from 9,128 shorebirds and gulls (33 species, five families) captured in 10 states within the USA and in three countries in the Caribbean and South America. Avian paramyxoviruses were isolated from 60 (0.7%) samples by inoculation of embryonating chicken eggs; isolates only included APMV-1 and APMV-2. Two isolates (APMV-2) were made from gulls and 58 isolates (APMV-1 [41 isolates] and APMV-2 [17 isolates]) were made from shorebirds. All of the positive shorebirds were sampled at Delaware Bay (Delaware and New Jersey) and 45 (78%) of these isolates came from Ruddy Turnstones (Arenaria interpres). The APMV-1 infection rate was higher among Ruddy Turnstones compared with other shorebird species and varied by year. Avian paramyxovirus-2 was isolated from two of 394 (0.5%) Ruddy Turnstones at Delaware Bay in 2001 and from 13 of 735 (1.8%) Ruddy Turnstones during 2002. For both APMV-1 and APMV-2, infection rates were higher among Ruddy Turnstones sampled on the south shore of Delaware Bay compared to north shore populations. This spatial variation may be related to local movements of Ruddy Turnstones within this ecosystem. The higher prevalence of APMV in Ruddy Turnstones mirrors results observed for avian influenza viruses in shorebirds and may suggest similar modes of transmission.

Wild Bird Surveillance for Avian Paramyxoviruses in the Azov-Black Sea Region of Ukraine (2006 to 2011) Reveals Epidemiological Connections with Europe and Africa

“…In contrast to this, we did not isolate any APMV during the spring migration, nesting, and after nesting movements. In general, these rates are similar to data of other authors (45)(46)(47) and might be associated with environmental and biological characteristics of the life cycle of birds, especially migratory and wintering strategies. As is known, autumn migration of wild waterfowl occurs more slowly, when the local moving is gradually turning into migration (52)(53)(54)(55)(56).…”

“…Addition- ally, all 4 viruses were isolated in the same geographic location and in a short period of time according to our observations of the same bird populations. Other authors have reported APMV-2 isolation from dunlins (46). In North America, the prevalence of APMV-1 infections among dunlins was 0.5%.…”

Real Time Classification of Viruses in 12 Dimensions

“…We also question genus classifications for several viruses, including viruses #111 (Avian paramyxovirus 6), #1521 (Sendai virus), #1355 (Porcine rubulavirus). The authors [34]–[36] make these classification decisions by analyzing specific gene coding regions or protein sequences, while our natural vector uses the global sequence information of genomes. Furthermore, for genera Ephemerovirus and Jeilongvirus , we question their family classifications provided by ICTV because they are closer to other families ( Jeilongvirus to family Filoviridae and Ephemerovirus to family Paramyxoviridae ) based on our graphical representation.…”

Absence of Coronaviruses, Paramyxoviruses, and Influenza A Viruses in Seabirds in the Southwestern Indian Ocean

“…Coronaviruses (COV), paramyxoviruses (PMV), and influenza A viruses (IAV) have been detected in a large diversity of wild bird species (e.g., Stallknecht and Shane, 1988;Coffee et al, 2010;Muradrasoli et al, 2010). In seabirds, COV, PMV, and IAV infections are commonly reported in species in the order Charadriiformes (gulls, terns, shorebirds).…”