Abstract:It has been proposed that hyaluronan-binding proteoglycans play an important role as guiding cues during neural crest (NC) cell migration, but their precise function has not been elucidated. In this study, we examine the distribution, structure and putative role of the two major hyaluronan-binding proteoglycans, PG-M/versicans and aggrecan, during the course of avian NC development. PG-M/versicans V0 and V1 are shown to be the prevalent isoforms at initial and advanced phases of NC cell movement, whereas the V… Show more
“…They include brevican, neurocan, versican and aggrecan, of which versican has been shown to inhibit neural crest cell migration in Xenopus embryos [91]. This is consistent with findings in the developing chick embryo that both versican and aggrecan regulate neural crest cell migration [92].…”
During development, both cells and tissues must acquire the correct shape to allow their proper function. This is especially relevant in the nervous system, where the shape of individual cell processes, such as the axons and dendrites, and the shape of entire tissues, such as the folding of the neocortex, are highly specialized. While many aspects of neural development have been uncovered, there are still several open questions concerning the mechanisms governing cell and tissue shape. In this review, we discuss the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in these processes. In particular, we consider how the ECM regulates cell shape, proliferation, differentiation and migration, and more recent work highlighting a key role of ECM in the morphogenesis of neural tissues.
“…They include brevican, neurocan, versican and aggrecan, of which versican has been shown to inhibit neural crest cell migration in Xenopus embryos [91]. This is consistent with findings in the developing chick embryo that both versican and aggrecan regulate neural crest cell migration [92].…”
During development, both cells and tissues must acquire the correct shape to allow their proper function. This is especially relevant in the nervous system, where the shape of individual cell processes, such as the axons and dendrites, and the shape of entire tissues, such as the folding of the neocortex, are highly specialized. While many aspects of neural development have been uncovered, there are still several open questions concerning the mechanisms governing cell and tissue shape. In this review, we discuss the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in these processes. In particular, we consider how the ECM regulates cell shape, proliferation, differentiation and migration, and more recent work highlighting a key role of ECM in the morphogenesis of neural tissues.
“…Versican and aggrecan differentially regulate neural cell migration, with the former providing positive migratory cues while aggrecan inhibits this process (Perissinotto et al . ; Perris and Perissinotto ). Neural cells also express CD44 and RHAMM which are active participants in neural cell migration, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity (Lynn et al .…”
Section: Kspgs Of the Cns/pnsmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…This involves aggrecan HNK-1 mediated cellular interactions and N-terminal mediated interactions of the aggrecan G1 HA binding domain with HA in the ECM. Versican and aggrecan differentially regulate neural cell migration, with the former providing positive migratory cues while aggrecan inhibits this process (Perissinotto et al 2000;Perris and Perissinotto 2000). Neural cells also express CD44 and RHAMM which are active participants in neural cell migration, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity (Lynn et al 2001;Oohashi et al 2015;Roszkowska et al 2016;Miyata and Kitagawa 2017;Su et al 2017).…”
Section: Hnk-1 Conveys Important Interactive Properties To Brain Aggr...mentioning
Compared to the other classes of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), that is, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, heparin/heparan sulfate and hyaluronan, keratan sulfate (KS), have the least known of its interactive properties. In the human body, the cornea and the brain are the two most abundant tissue sources of KS. Embryonic KS is synthesized as a linear poly‐N‐acetyllactosamine chain of d‐galactose‐GlcNAc repeat disaccharides which become progressively sulfated with development, sulfation of GlcNAc is more predominant than galactose. KS contains multi‐sulfated high‐charge density, monosulfated and non‐sulfated poly‐N‐acetyllactosamine regions and thus is a heterogeneous molecule in terms of chain length and charge distribution. A recent proteomics study on corneal KS demonstrated its interactivity with members of the Slit‐Robbo and Ephrin‐Ephrin receptor families and proteins which regulate Rho GTPase signaling and actin polymerization/depolymerization in neural development and differentiation. KS decorates a number of peripheral nervous system/CNS proteoglycan (PG) core proteins. The astrocyte KS‐PG abakan defines functional margins of the brain and is up‐regulated following trauma. The chondroitin sulfate/KS PG aggrecan forms perineuronal nets which are dynamic neuroprotective structures with anti‐oxidant properties and roles in neural differentiation, development and synaptic plasticity. Brain phosphacan a chondroitin sulfate, KS, HNK‐1 PG have roles in neural development and repair. The intracellular microtubule and synaptic vesicle KS‐PGs MAP1B and SV2 have roles in metabolite transport, storage, and export of neurotransmitters and cytoskeletal assembly. MAP1B has binding sites for tubulin and actin through which it promotes cytoskeletal development in growth cones and is highly expressed during neurite extension. The interactive capability of KS with neuroregulatory ligands indicate varied roles for KS‐PGs in development and regenerative neural processes.
“…For example, neural crest cells will migrate significantly faster on versican-containing matrix than aggrecan-containing matrix. 45 In some cases, as in epiblastic cell movement during primitive streak formation, cells can 'carry' their ECM along their migration. 46 Thus, the ECM is not set in its location as it is also not set in its composition and mechanical properties.…”
Section: Cellular Adhesion and Migrationmentioning
Hydrogel-based biomaterials, often classified as synthetic or natural, have long been pursued for cell culture, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery. This classification system is now being blurred as hybrid partially synthetic systems using elements of native and designer molecules gain traction. Partially synthetic polymer gels can offer protection of encapsulated cells or drugs and provide instructional biochemical and/or biophysical cues to cells. To enable cellular interaction however, they must be endowed with bioactive elements. The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a ''toolbox'' of bioactive moieties that can be incorporated into user-defined synthetic polymer scaffolds to promote cell responses such as migration or cell-derived material responses such as matrix multimerization.Incorporating bioactive elements like cell-adhesive peptides, protease-cleavable sites, and ECM-mimetic mechanical properties such as stiffness and porosity into robust well-characterized hydrogels has been pursued for decades. Through careful selection of linkage chemistries and structured design of material subunits, hydrogels have been created that facilitate a great deal of native cellular functions while retaining the customizable nature of engineered materials. A new thrust has emerged to engineer materials with the innate, dynamic bioresponsive activity of native ECM materials. This review characterizes the cell responsive units of native materials and the literature that has recently incorporated these elements into hydrogel tissue engineering and drug delivery materials to promote cell-controlled dynamic responses, a defining characteristic of native functional tissue.
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