Avian metabolism: its control and evolution

Scanes, Colin G.; Braun, Eldon J.

doi:10.1007/s11515-012-1206-2

Cited by 46 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 237 publications

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“…Since insulin and glucagon work in concert to maintain glucose homeostasis through negative feedback of one another, that both PPI and PPG are significantly greater in LWS than HWS, is compelling. While plasma glucagon concentrations are naturally higher in avian species compared to mammals (reviewed by Scanes and Braun, 2012), Sinsigalli et al (1987) observed higher endogenous glucagon and insulin levels in HWS, compared to LWS. Greater plasma insulin concentrations, coupled with higher BG in HWS chickens, suggested diminished insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues (Sinsigalli et al, 1987).…”

Section: Pancreatic Mrna Expression Of Glucose Regulatory Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Birds display the highest fasting blood glucose concentration among all vertebrates, with concentrations that are more than twice those in mammals Scanes and Braun, 2012). Additionally, birds are relatively insulin resistant; a phenomenon that remains unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, birds are relatively insulin resistant; a phenomenon that remains unclear. Several hypotheses have been suggested for why avians are refractory to the deleterious effects of chronic hyperglycemia, a condition that leads to severe oxidative stress in mammals (Scanes and Braun, 2012). Not only do birds produce less reactive oxygen species (superoxide and hydrogen peroxide); endogenous levels of antioxidants, including uric acid, are higher in avian species Ku and Sohal, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared to mammals, avian species are considered hyperglycemic, with fasting blood glucose (BG) concentrations typically twice that of non-diabetic humans Scanes and Braun, 2012). Studies investigating insulin secretion in response to glucose perfusion found that chicken pancreatic β-cells are relatively glucose insensitive (King and Hazelwood, 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insulin induced hypoglycemia is achieved in avians with relatively high doses of insulin (Simon, 1988). Although circulating glucagon concentrations are higher in birds than mammals, and glucose homeostasis in chickens appears to rely more heavily on glucagon secretion than insulin (reviewed by Scanes and Braun, 2012), insulin is still thought to play a major role in glucose metabolism in birds (Dupont et al, 2008;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chickens from lines artificially selected for juvenile low and high body weight differ in glucose homeostasis and pancreas physiology

Sumners

Zhang

Zhao

et al. 2014

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular &

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Early pancreatectomy experiments performed in ducks and pigeons at the end of the 19 th century revealed that avians, unlike mammals, do not display signs of diabetes. Relative to mammals, birds are considered hyperglycemic, displaying fasting blood glucose concentrations twice that of a normal human. While circulating levels of insulin are similar in avians and mammals, and structure and function of the insulin receptor are also conserved among vertebrate species, birds do not experience deleterious effects of chronic hyperglycemia as observed in mammals. Understanding avian glucose homeostasis, particularly in chickens, has both agricultural and biomedical implications.Improvement of feed efficiency and accelerated growth in poultry may come from a greater understanding of the physiological processes associated with glucose utilization in muscle and fat. The chicken has also recently been recognized as an attractive model for human diabetes, where there is a great need for preventative and therapeutic strategies.The link between type 2 diabetes and obesity, coupled with the inherent hyperglycemic nature of chickens, make chickens artificially selected for juvenile low (LWS) and high (HWS) body weight a favorable model for investigating glucose regulation and pancreas physiology. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests revealed differences in threshold sensitivity to insulin and glucose clearance rate between the lines. Results from real-time PCR showed greater pancreatic mRNA expression of four glucose regulatory genes (preproinsulin, PPI; preproglucagon, PPG; glucose transporter 2, GLUT2; and iii pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1, Pdx1) in LWS, than HWS chickens. Histological analysis of pancreas revealed that HWS chickens have larger pancreatic islets, less pancreatic islet mass, and more pancreatic inflammation than LWS chickens, all of which presumably contribute to impaired glucose metabolism. In summary, results suggest that at selection age, there are differences in pancreas physiology that may explain the differences in glucose regulation between LWS and HWS. These data pave the way for future studies aimed at understanding the developmental regulation of endocrine pancreas function in chickens, as well as how aging affects homeostatic control of blood glucose in chickens.

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Section: Pancreatic Mrna Expression Of Glucose Regulatory Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Chickens from lines artificially selected for juvenile low and high body weight differ in glucose homeostasis and pancreas physiology

Sumners

Zhang

Zhao

et al. 2014

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular &

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Sex‐specific effects of dietary restriction on physiological variables in Japanese quails

Reda,

Ndunguru,

Csernus

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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Nutritional limitation is a common phenomenon in nature that leads to trade‐offs among processes competing for limited resources. These trade‐offs are mediated by changes in physiological traits such as growth factors and circulating lipids. However, studies addressing the sex‐specific effect of nutritional deficiency on these physiological variables are limited in birds. We used dietary restriction to mimic the depletion of resources to various degrees and investigated sex‐specific effects on circulating levels of insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) and triglycerides in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) subjected to ad libitum, 20%, 30% or 40% restriction of their daily requirement, for 2 weeks. We also explored the association of both physiological variables with body mass and egg production. While dietary restriction showed no effects on circulating IGF‐1, this hormone exhibited a marked sexual difference, with females having 64.7% higher IGF‐1 levels than males. Dietary restriction significantly reduced plasma triglyceride levels in both sexes. Females showed more than six‐fold higher triglyceride levels than males. Triglyceride levels were positively associated with body mass in females while showed not association in males. Overall, our findings revealed sex‐specific expression of physiological variables under dietary restriction conditions, which coincide with body size.

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Body condition and poxvirus infection predict circulating glucose levels in a colorful songbird that inhabits urban and rural environments

et al. 2020

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There is widespread contemporary interest in causes and consequences of blood glucose status in humans (e.g., links to diabetes and cardiovascular disease), but we know comparatively less about what underlies variation in glucose levels of wild animals. Several environmental factors, including diet, disease status, and habitat quality, may regulate glucose circulation, and we are in need of work that assesses many organismal traits simultaneously to understand the plasticity and predictability of glucose levels in ecological and evolutionary contexts. Here, we measured circulating glucose levels in a species of passerine bird (the house finch, Haemorhous mexicanus) that has served as a valuable model for research on sexual selection, disease, and urban behavioral ecology, as these animals display sexually dichromatic ornamental coloration, harbor many infectious diseases (e.g., poxvirus, coccidiosis, mycoplasmal conjunctivitis), and reside in both natural habitats and cities. We tested the effects of sex, habitat type, body condition, coccidiosis and poxvirus infections, and expression of carotenoid plumage coloration on blood glucose concentrations and found that the body condition and poxvirus infection significantly predicted circulating glucose levels. Specifically, birds with higher blood glucose levels had higher body condition scores and were infected with poxvirus. This result is consistent with biomedical, domesticated‐animal, and wildlife‐rehabilitation findings, and the premise that glucose elevation is a physiological response to or indicator of infection and relative body weight. The fact that we failed to find links between glucose and our other measurements suggests that blood glucose levels can reveal some but not all aspects of organismal or environmental quality.

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Avian metabolism: its control and evolution

Cited by 46 publications

References 237 publications

Chickens from lines artificially selected for juvenile low and high body weight differ in glucose homeostasis and pancreas physiology

Chickens from lines artificially selected for juvenile low and high body weight differ in glucose homeostasis and pancreas physiology

Sex‐specific effects of dietary restriction on physiological variables in Japanese quails

Body condition and poxvirus infection predict circulating glucose levels in a colorful songbird that inhabits urban and rural environments

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