Avian Leukosis Antibody Response in Individuals Given Chicken Embryo Derived Vaccines

Richman, Alan V.; Aulisio, C. G.; Jahnes, William G.; Tauraso, Nicola M.

doi:10.3181/00379727-139-36117

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Finally, it was reported by the Centers for Diseases Control & Prevention that all stocks of measles, mumps, and yellow fever vaccines currently in use in the United States are contaminated with endogenous ALSV, and that in yellow fever vaccines from US and European manufacturers, the endogenous virus was of the infectious type [23,33]. It is also important to note that exogenous ALSV-contaminated yellow fever vaccines caused malignant tumors when injected into chickens [34]. These observations have serious public health implications and reiterate the urgent need for studies to be conducted in subjects that have high exposure to the oncogenic viruses of poultry, such as workers in poultry slaughtering and processing plants.…”

Section: Smrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality from malignant diseases—update of the Baltimore union poultry cohort

Johnson

Zhou

Yau

et al. 2009

Cancer Causes Control

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We previously studied mortality up to 1989 in 2,639 members of a local union who had ever worked in poultry slaughtering and processing plants, because they were exposed to oncogenic viruses present in poultry. In this report, cancer mortality was updated to the year 2003 for 2,580 of the 2,639 subjects who worked exclusively in poultry plants. Mortality in poultry workers was compared with that in the US general population through the estimation of proportional mortality and standardized mortality ratios separately for each race/sex group and for the whole cohort. Compared to the US general population, an excess of cancers of the buccal and nasal cavities and pharynx (base of the tongue, palate and other unspecified mouth, tonsil and oropharynx, nasal cavity/middle ear/accessory sinus), esophagus, recto-sigmoid/rectum/anus, liver and intrabiliary system, myelofibrosis, lymphoid leukemia and multiple myeloma was observed in particular subgroups or in the entire poultry cohort. We hypothesize that oncogenic viruses present in poultry, and exposure to fumes, are candidates for an etiologic role to explain the excess occurrence of at least some of these cancers in the poultry workers. Larger studies which can control for confounding factors are urgently needed to determine the significance of these findings.

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Section: Smrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality from malignant diseases—update of the Baltimore union poultry cohort

Johnson

Zhou

Yau

et al. 2009

Cancer Causes Control

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“…However, no evidence of neutralizing antibodies or increase in cancer rates has been associated with exposure to these ALV-positive vaccines (24,29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Characterization of Avian Retroviruses in Chicken Embryo-Derived Yellow Fever Vaccines: Investigation of Transmission to Vaccine Recipients

Hussain

Johnson

Freire

et al. 2003

J Virol

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Yellow fever (YF) vaccines are highly efficacious in preventing mortality and morbidity in humans living in or traveling to regions of tropical Africa and South America where YF is endemic (3,20). To date, more than 400 million doses of YF vaccines have been administered (20). Currently licensed YF vaccines include the attenuated 17D strain, which is propagated in chicken embryos. Vaccine preparation typically includes inoculation of 7-to 9-day-old embryonated eggs with the vaccine strain. Infected embryos are harvested, pooled, and then homogenized. Homogenates are clarified by low-speed centrifugation, and the supernatant fluid containing the vaccine harvest is titrated and lyophilized under standardized conditions (33).Because of the risk of contamination with substrate-derived avian pathogens, regulations for vaccine manufacture require all avian embryos used for propagation of vaccine virus to be derived from a closed, specific pathogen-free (SPF) flock devoid of known avian pathogens including exogenous retroviruses of the avian leukosis virus (ALV) and the reticuloendotheliosis virus groups (32). Despite the use of SPF chicken flocks, low-level reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, an indication of retroviruses, was recently detected in YF vaccines and other chick cell-derived measles and mumps vaccines produced by several manufacturers in Europe and the United States (5,19,28). The origin of RT activity has thus far been examined in measles vaccines produced in chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF). These studies have shown that this RT activity was associated with particles containing RNA from endogenous avian virus (EAV) and endogenous ALV (ALV-E) (17,28,30). These findings were consistent with current vaccine manufacturing regulations that require the elimination of exogenous retroviral infections from source chickens. These manufacturing regulations do not address the presence of endogenous retroviruses because such particles have not previously been known to be associated with chick cell-derived vaccines.Both EAV and ALV-E are members of endogenous retroviral families present in the chicken germ line. Little is known about the EAV family, which is distinct from but related to the ALV family. EAV elements are present in at least 50 copies per chicken genome (23). The majority of EAV loci remain uncharacterized, and the nucleotide sequences of full-length EAV genomes are not available. Partial EAV sequences show numerous frameshift mutations or sizable deletions in the env region (6).

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Yellow Fever

Monath¹

2009

Vaccines: A Biography

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Avian Leukosis Antibody Response in Individuals Given Chicken Embryo Derived Vaccines

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

Mortality from malignant diseases—update of the Baltimore union poultry cohort

Mortality from malignant diseases—update of the Baltimore union poultry cohort

Identification and Characterization of Avian Retroviruses in Chicken Embryo-Derived Yellow Fever Vaccines: Investigation of Transmission to Vaccine Recipients

Yellow Fever

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