Avian Influenza

Swayne, David E.; Sims, L. D.

doi:10.1002/9781119506287.ch18

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Higher genetic identities with sequences from BLAST results (PB2: 93.5−96.9% and PB1: 94.5−96.9%) were found, indicating that the PB2 and PB1 had reassorted with wild bird AIVs. While the HA gene of two 2017 and three 2019 viruses clustered with the H5 insert of a recombinant AIV fowlpox‐vectored vaccine (A/chicken/Mexico/P‐14/2016) (Bertran et al., 2020), the other 2017 virus was separate from the other recent viruses and grouped with a seed strain licensed for an inactivated vaccine (A/chicken/Guanajuato/CPA‐20966‐15‐VS/2015) (Swayne & Sims, 2021).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis, molecular changes, and adaptation to chickens of Mexican lineage H5N2 low‐pathogenic avian influenza viruses from 1994 to 2019

Youk

Leyson

Parris

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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The Mexican lineage H5N2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) were first detected in 1994 and mutated to highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in 1994-1995 causing widespread outbreaks in poultry. By using vaccination and other control measures, the HPAIVs were eradicated but the LPAIVs continued circulating in Mexico and spread to several other countries. To get better resolution of the phylogenetics of this virus, the full genome sequences of 44 H5N2 LPAIVs isolated from 1994 to 2011, and 6 detected in 2017 and 2019, were analysed. Phylogenetic incongruence demonstrated genetic reassortment between two separate groups of the Mexican lineage H5N2 viruses between 2005 and 2010. Moreover, the recent H5N2 viruses reassorted with previously unidentified avian influenza viruses. Bayesian phylogeographic results suggested that mechanical transmission involving human activity is the most probable cause of the virus spillover to Central American, Caribbean, and East Asian countries. Increased infectivity and transmission of a 2011 H5N2 LPAIV in chickens compared to a 1994 virus demonstrates improved adaptation to chickens, while low virus shedding, and limited contact transmission was observed in mallards with the same 2011 virus. The sporadic increase in basic amino acids in the HA cleavage site, changes in potential N-glycosylation sites in the HA, and truncations of PB1-F2 should be further examined in relation to the increased infectivity and transmission in poultry.The genetic changes that occur as this lineage of H5N2 LPAIVs continues circulating in poultry is concerning not only because of the effect of these changes on vaccination efficacy, but also because of the potential of the viruses to mutate to the highly pathogenic form. Continued vigilance and surveillance efforts, and the pathogenic and genetic characterization of circulating viruses, are required for the effective control of this virus.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis, molecular changes, and adaptation to chickens of Mexican lineage H5N2 low‐pathogenic avian influenza viruses from 1994 to 2019

Youk

Leyson

Parris

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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“…Low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) may cause mild to intense respiratory disease symptoms and a mortality of up to 20% in chickens (Pusch and Suarez, 2018). Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), often characterized by a polybasic cleavage site in HA (of variants H5 and H7), causes intense symptoms and can induce peracute death without clinical signs, thus leading to high mortality in chickens and turkeys (Swayne and Sims, 2021). HPAI H5 and H7, and LPAI H9N2, have been widely used as prototypical antigens for plant made AIV vaccine preparation for application in poultry (Pusch and Suarez, 2018).…”

Section: Avian Influenza Virus (Aiv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant-made vaccines against viral diseases in humans and farm animals

Eerde

Rimstad

et al. 2023

Front. Plant Sci.

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Plants provide not only food and feed, but also herbal medicines and various raw materials for industry. Moreover, plants can be green factories producing high value bioproducts such as biopharmaceuticals and vaccines. Advantages of plant-based production platforms include easy scale-up, cost effectiveness, and high safety as plants are not hosts for human and animal pathogens. Plant cells perform many post-translational modifications that are present in humans and animals and can be essential for biological activity of produced recombinant proteins. Stimulated by progress in plant transformation technologies, substantial efforts have been made in both the public and the private sectors to develop plant-based vaccine production platforms. Recent promising examples include plant-made vaccines against COVID-19 and Ebola. The COVIFENZ® COVID-19 vaccine produced in Nicotiana benthamiana has been approved in Canada, and several plant-made influenza vaccines have undergone clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the status of vaccine production in plants and the state of the art in downstream processing according to good manufacturing practice (GMP). We discuss different production approaches, including stable transgenic plants and transient expression technologies, and review selected applications in the area of human and veterinary vaccines. We also highlight specific challenges associated with viral vaccine production for different target organisms, including lower vertebrates (e.g., farmed fish), and discuss future perspectives for the field.

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“…These produce intense, generalised disease in chickens, turkeys, and other gallinaceous poultry; mortality can reach 100% in a few days. In acute cases, lesions include cyanosis and oedema of the head, comb and wattle; oedema and inflamed shanks and feet due to subcutaneous haemorrhages; petechial haemorrhages on visceral organs and in muscles; and bloody oral and nasal discharges [ 5 ]. On the other hand, in peracute cases, death may occur in the absence of clinical signs.…”

Section: Avian Influenza Virus (Aiv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They offer the advantages of being safe (non-infectious) and effective at inducing cell-mediated immunity, but they are poor at inducing antibody responses, typically require multiple doses, and are therefore unsuitable for mass immunisation of poultry [ 9 ]. Non-replicating, haemagglutinin-based H5 RNA particle, H5 expressed baculovirus, and H5 DNA vaccines have been licensed for use in chickens since 2015; however, their usage has been limited [ 5 ].…”

Section: Overview Of Vaccines For Ai and Nd Immunisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Plant-Based Vaccines for Prevention of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease in Poultry

et al. 2022

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Viral diseases, including avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND), are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in poultry, resulting in significant economic losses. Despite the availability of commercial vaccines for the major viral diseases of poultry, these diseases continue to pose a significant risk to global food security. There are multiple factors for this: vaccine costs may be prohibitive, cold chain storage for attenuated live-virus vaccines may not be achievable, and commercial vaccines may protect poorly against local emerging strains. The development of transient gene expression systems in plants provides a versatile and robust tool to generate a high yield of recombinant proteins with superior speed while managing to achieve cost-efficient production. Plant-derived vaccines offer good stability and safety these include both subunit and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. VLPs offer potential benefits compared to currently available traditional vaccines, including significant reductions in virus shedding and the ability to differentiate between infected and vaccinated birds (DIVA). This review discusses the current state of plant-based vaccines for prevention of the AI and ND in poultry, challenges in their development, and potential for expanding their use in low- and middle-income countries.

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Avian Influenza

Cited by 22 publications

References 94 publications

Phylogenetic analysis, molecular changes, and adaptation to chickens of Mexican lineage H5N2 low‐pathogenic avian influenza viruses from 1994 to 2019

Phylogenetic analysis, molecular changes, and adaptation to chickens of Mexican lineage H5N2 low‐pathogenic avian influenza viruses from 1994 to 2019

Plant-made vaccines against viral diseases in humans and farm animals

Development of Plant-Based Vaccines for Prevention of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease in Poultry

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