Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome

Avian Influenza among Waterfowl Hunters and Wildlife Professionals

“…Others have shown that domestic bird–acquired influenza A/H7N7 in humans may frequently lead to minor illness, such as conjunctivitis ( 4 , 10 , 11 ), although more serious disease has been recorded ( 4 , 10 ). We provide serologic evidence from 2 assays, microneutralization assay and horse erythrocyte HI, for past infection in humans with avian influenza A/H11 and no other avian influenza subtypes.…”

Isolation and characterization of H7N9 viruses from live poultry markets — Implication of the source of current H7N9 infection in humans

“…One example is the highly pathogenic H7N7 influenza virus that was prevalent in domestic poultry in The Netherlands in 2003 [25]. This outbreak resulted in the direct transmission of H7N7 influenza viruses to at least 89 people, with symptoms of conjunctivitis or a mild influenza-like illness and one death [26]. Furthermore, the circulation of low pathogenic H7 influenza virus in poultry could result in the emergence of a highly pathogenic influenza virus via the acquisition of multiple basic amino acids at the HA cleavage site, which has occurred with H7N1 influenza viruses during outbreaks in chickens and turkeys in Italy [27].…”

Evaluation of interventions and vaccination strategies for low pathogenicity avian influenza: spatial and space–time analyses and quantification of the spread of infection

“…However, HPAI viruses may emerge by mutation from low pathogenicity AI (LPAI) viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes circulating in domestic poultry [2,3], and both LPAI and HPAI viruses can infect humans [4][5][6], which stresses the need for the monitoring and control of LPAI viruses in poultry.…”