Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus and mixed live poultry–animal markets in Guangdong province: a perfect storm in the making?

Zhou, Pei; Ma, Jun; Lai, Alexander; Gray, Gregory C.; Su, Shuo

doi:10.1038/emi.2015.63

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This requirement, together with the immunosenescence in aged hosts, poses a difficult challenge to the development of an effective influenza vaccine for the aged population. Further elucidation of deficiencies of influenza vaccines and the mechanism of immune protection against influenza virus infection in aged hosts is of high importance for developing more efficacious influenza vaccine to protect the aged population, especially for developing vaccines against emerging highly pathogenic H5N1 as well as H7N9 avian influenza viruses that are now endemic in poultry species and continuing to cause human infections and outbreaks [49, 50]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockage of regulatory T cells augments induction of protective immune responses by influenza virus-like particles in aged mice

Wen

Wang

Dong

et al. 2017

Microbes and Infection

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Elderly humans over 65 years old are at great risk to pathogenesis by influenza virus infection. However, although influenza vaccines provide effective protection in healthy young adults, protection of elderly adults is substantially lower even with a good match between the vaccine and the circulating influenza virus. To gain insight of the underlying mechanism for the reduced immunogenicity of influenza vaccines in the aged population, we investigated immunogenicity of influenza virus-like particle vaccines in aged mice, which represent a useful model for studying aging associated impairment in immune responses. Specifically, we investigated the effect of inhibiting regulatory T cells in aged mice on induction of protective immune responses by influenza vaccines. Our results showed that injecting anti-CD25 antibodies could down-regulate CD25 on the surface of regulatory T cells and significantly increase the levels of antibody responses induced by VLP immunization in aged mice. Further, the profiles of antibody responses were also changed towards Th1 type by regulatory T cell blockage in aged mice. Moreover, aged mice that were treated by anti-CD25 antibodies prior to vaccination were more effectively protected against lethal influenza virus challenge.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockage of regulatory T cells augments induction of protective immune responses by influenza virus-like particles in aged mice

Wen

Wang

Dong

et al. 2017

Microbes and Infection

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“…People there have the habit of purchasing live poultry at LPMs. The province accounts for about 10% of domestic poultry (DP) industry and it was regarded as an important epicenter of AIV circulation in China [13, 24].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Epidemiological surveys showed that human H7N9 infections were associated with the exposure to live poultry or potentially contaminated environments, which was usually located in live poultry markets (LPMs) [4-10]. Further studies found that LPMs would support the maintenance, amplification and dissemination of avian influenza virus (AIV) [5-7, 11, 12], as different types of poultry and birds (such as chicken, ducks, pigeon, quail) are placed densely in LPMs and some of them are casually slaughtered there [13]. Under this circumstance, many environmental samples collected from LPMs were observed to be positive for H7N9 [6, 7, 11, 14], and strong positive association was found between H7N9 presence and local density of LPMs in China [9, 15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different intervention strategies toward live poultry markets against avian influenza A (H7N9) virus: model-based assessment

Zhu

Kang

Wei³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Different interventions targeting live poultry markets (LPMs) have been applied in China for controlling the avian influenza A (H7N9), including LPM closure and "1110" policy (i.e., daily cleaning, weekly disinfection, monthly rest day, zero poultry stock overnight). However, the effects of these interventions have not been comprehensively assessed. Methods: Based on the available data (including reported cases, domestic poultry volume, and climate) collected in Guangdong Province between October 2013 and June 2017, we developed a new compartmental model that enabled us to infer H7N9 transmission dynamics. The proposed model incorporated the intrinsic interplay among humans and poultry as well as the effects of absolute humidity and LPM intervention, in which different intervention strategies were parameterized and estimated by Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. Results: There were 258 confirmed human H7N9 cases in Guangdong Province during the study period. If without interventions, the number would reach 646 (95%CI, 575-718) cases. The temporal, seasonal and permanent closures of LPMs can substantially reduce transmission risk, which might respectively reduce human infections by 67.2% (95%CI, 64.3%-70.1%), 75.6% (95%CI, 73.8%-77.5%), 86.6% (95%CI, 85.7-87.6%) in total four epidemic seasons, and 81.9% CI(95%, 78.7%-85.2%), 91.5% (95%CI, 89.9%-93.1%), 99.0% (95%CI, 98.7%-99.3%) in the last two epidemic seasons. Moreover, implementing the "1110" policy from 2014 to 2017 would reduce the cases by 34.1% (95%CI, 20.1%-48.0%), suggesting its limited role in preventing H7N9 transmission. Conclusions: Our study quantified the effects of different interventions and execution time toward LPMs for controlling H7N9 transmission. The results highlighted the importance of closing LPMs during epidemic period, and supported permanent closure as a long-term plan.

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“…However, they typically point to densely populated geographical areas in warm regions as areas of high risk. They also point to encounters with live animals, especially in markets and large domestic animal farms [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], as a source of human infection risk.…”

Section: Predicting Novel Pathogen Emergencementioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigating Future Respiratory Virus Pandemics: New Threats and Approaches to Consider

Gray

Robie

Studstill

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Despite many recent efforts to predict and control emerging infectious disease threats to humans, we failed to anticipate the zoonotic viruses which led to pandemics in 2009 and 2020. The morbidity, mortality, and economic costs of these pandemics have been staggering. We desperately need a more targeted, cost-efficient, and sustainable strategy to detect and mitigate future zoonotic respiratory virus threats. Evidence suggests that the transition from an animal virus to a human pathogen is incremental and requires a considerable number of spillover events and considerable time before a pandemic variant emerges. This evolutionary view argues for the refocusing of public health resources on novel respiratory virus surveillance at human–animal interfaces in geographical hotspots for emerging infectious diseases. Where human–animal interface surveillance is not possible, a secondary high-yield, cost-efficient strategy is to conduct novel respiratory virus surveillance among pneumonia patients in these same hotspots. When novel pathogens are discovered, they must be quickly assessed for their human risk and, if indicated, mitigation strategies initiated. In this review, we discuss the most common respiratory virus threats, current efforts at early emerging pathogen detection, and propose and defend new molecular pathogen discovery strategies with the goal of preempting future pandemics.

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Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus and mixed live poultry–animal markets in Guangdong province: a perfect storm in the making?

Cited by 13 publications

References 15 publications

Blockage of regulatory T cells augments induction of protective immune responses by influenza virus-like particles in aged mice

Blockage of regulatory T cells augments induction of protective immune responses by influenza virus-like particles in aged mice

Different intervention strategies toward live poultry markets against avian influenza A (H7N9) virus: model-based assessment

Mitigating Future Respiratory Virus Pandemics: New Threats and Approaches to Consider

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