Avian Filariasis in Backyard Chickens in Japan

Sekiguchi, Maki; Nonaka, Nariaki; Adachi, Mamoru; Sekiya, Tamami; Yamamoto, Yu

doi:10.1637/11894-050818-case.1

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…There have been a few reports of species identification of filarial nematodes in domestic chickens ( G. gallus domesticus ) in Southeast Asia [ 12 ], including Paronchocerca ( Bhalfilaria ) badami , Cardiofilaria ( Gallifilaria ) mhowensis , and Cardiofilaria nilesi . Adult worms of these filarial nematodes were found in the heart, except in the body cavity of C. nilesi .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apart from these three filarial nematodes, wild jungle fowls ( Gallus spp. ), which are the ancestor of domestic chickens, can be infected by more filarial species [ 12 ], including Pelecitus galli , C. nilesi , Lemdana latifi , Lemdana sonneretta , and Lemdana ( Singhneretta ) sonneretta . These filarial nematodes may have the potential to infect domestic chickens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, fatal filarial infection has been reported in red-billed blue magpies ( Urocissa erythrorhynchus ) [ 10 ]. In domestic chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ), filarial infection has been reported, which may have a negative impact [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adult filarial nematodes reside in connective tissues, limb joints, body cavities, cardiovascular, pulmonary, lymphatic, and nervous systems [2,[7][8][9][10]. A total of 16 genera of filarial nematodes belonging to the family Onchocercidae are found in avian hosts: Subfamilies Dirofilariinae, Onchocercinae, Splendidofilariinae, and Lemdaniinae [4,[11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preliminary study on buffy coat smear and molecular detection of microfilaria in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) raised in Southern Thailand

Pornpanom,

Boonchuay

2024

Vet World

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Background and Aim: Filarial nematode typically produces a larval stage (microfilariae) in the bloodstream of vertebrate hosts, where microfilariae reside in the blood or subcutaneous tissues. Filarial nematodes cause human diseases, such as river blindness and elephantiasis, which are widely studied. However, in avian species, they are overlooked because they are nonpathogenic. In Thailand, microfilaria can be found in wild birds and domestic chickens. Recently, an increase in the number of blood samples submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories may have increased the number of microfilariae. Therefore, knowledge about filarial species and reliable detection methods are important. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of buffy coat smear and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for the detection of microfilaria in domestic chickens. In addition, parasites were identified using the sequence of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) gene. Materials and Methods: Giemsa-stained buffy coat smears from a previous study were reanalyzed. These available buffy coat smears were prepared from 55 domestic chickens raised as backyard free-ranging in Southern Thailand. Fifty-seven frozen genomic DNA extracted from chicken blood were used to detect the presence of the COX1 gene in Onchocercidae nematodes. The nested PCR protocol for amplification of the OnchoCOI_ R2-OnchoCOI_ R2 fragment of the COX1 gene was applied from a previous report. Sequences of COX1 were analyzed to identify Onchocercidae nematodes and if they were single or mixed infections. We constructed Bayesian phylogenetics to identify parasites and assessment of the relationship between filarial nematodes in avian species and other vertebrate hosts. Results: Buffy coat smears from 15 samples revealed microfilaria. Of these 15 samples, only eight were positive for COX1 nested-PCR amplification. The other two buffy coat-negative samples were also positive for nested-PCR. Sequencing of these 11 nested PCR-positive samples revealed that almost all of them were Onchocercidae nematodes. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed that chicken Onchocercidae spp. were grouped with other avian filarial nematodes. However, all chickens Onchocercidae spp. showed a double peak in the sequencing chromatogram, indicating mixed filarial infection (species or haplotypes). Therefore, no chicken Onchocercidae sequence was deposited on National Center for Biotechnology Information, GenBank. Conclusion: Giemsa-stained buffy coat smear was a reliable method for the detection of chicken microfilaria in routine veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Development of a new PCR-based method is necessary. This method may provide greater sensitivity and specificity of detection. In addition, the PCR method allowed us to access the genetic characteristics of nematodes, which helped us maximize our knowledge of nematodes. Further investigations, such as the pathogenicity of filarial nematodes in chickens and their potential vectors, are required. Keywords: Buffy coat smear, Chickens, Cytochrome c oxidase I, Microfilaria, Nested-polymerase chain reaction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Preliminary study on buffy coat smear and molecular detection of microfilaria in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) raised in Southern Thailand

Pornpanom,

Boonchuay

2024

Vet World

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“…Common avian pathogens that have been isolated from, or that have been detected as, producing a previous infection through antibody testing from backyard chickens and turkeys around the globe include infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) (102, 112), Marek's disease virus (113) A meta-analysis performed by Wiethoelter et al (8) reported that the free-living bird-poultry interface was the most highly reviewed interface in relation to the worldwide risks of emergent pathogens-primarily concerning highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). This increased scrutiny is partly due to the evidence supporting that backyard chickens are now being commonly kept within the world's largest cities (109,(115)(116)(117) to the edges of protected areas in developing nations (118-121)-suggesting that few terrestrial habitats have remained untouched and without risk from pathogens originating from poultry.…”

Section: Poultry Agriculture and Wild Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Pathogen Transmission at the Backyard Chicken–Wild Bird Interface

2020

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Habitat conversion and the expansion of domesticated, invasive species into native habitats are increasingly recognized as drivers of pathogen emergence at the agricultural-wildlife interface. Poultry agriculture is one of the largest subsets of this interface, and pathogen spillover events between backyard chickens and wild birds are becoming more commonly reported. Native wild bird species are under numerous anthropogenic pressures, but the risks of pathogen spillover from domestic chickens have been historically underappreciated as a threat to wild birds. Now that the backyard chicken industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, it is imperative that the principles of biosecurity, specifically bioexclusion and biocontainment, are legislated and implemented. We reviewed the literature on spillover events of pathogens historically associated with poultry into wild birds. We also reviewed the reasons for biosecurity failures in backyard flocks that lead to those spillover events and provide recommendations for current and future backyard flock owners.

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Avian Cytodiagnosis

2022

Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology

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Avian Filariasis in Backyard Chickens in Japan

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Preliminary study on buffy coat smear and molecular detection of microfilaria in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) raised in Southern Thailand

Preliminary study on buffy coat smear and molecular detection of microfilaria in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) raised in Southern Thailand

A Review of Pathogen Transmission at the Backyard Chicken–Wild Bird Interface

Avian Cytodiagnosis

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