Aversive conditioning, schizotypy, and affective temperament in the framework of the salience hypothesis

Balog, Zsolt; Somlai, Zsuzsanna; Kéri, Szabolcs

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.020

Cited by 7 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…As expected, negative schizotypy was associated with diminished reports of aberrant salience. This is consistent with past psychophysiological and auditory illusion studies that have reported diminished salience in association with negative schizotypy traits (Galdos et al, 2010; Balog et al, 2013). Findings are also consistent with neuroscience theories of deficits in reward processing and motivation in negative symptoms of schizophrenia (Heinz and Schlagenhauf, 2010; Gradin et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…For example, positive schizotypy was associated with hearing illusory speech during white noise tasks and increased skin conductance response to unconditioned stimuli, suggesting aberrant response to neutral events. People with negative schizotypy did not report speech illusions and showed decreased autonomic response to salient stimuli (Galdos et al, 2010; Balog et al, 2013). These findings highlight the importance of examining associations separately for positive and negative schizotypy – treating schizotypy as a homogenous construct may have masked these contrasting associations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aberrant Salience Across Levels of Processing in Positive and Negative Schizotypy

2019

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Schizotypy is a multidimensional construct conceptualized as the expression of the underlying vulnerability for schizophrenia. Certain traits of positive schizotypy, such as odd beliefs, unusual perceptual experiences, suspiciousness, and referential thinking show associations with aberrant salience. Positive schizotypy may involve hyper-attribution of salience toward insignificant events, whereas negative schizotypy may involve hypo-attribution of salience, even toward important events. Attribution of salience is thought to involve dopamine-mediated processes, a mechanism that is disrupted in schizotypy; however, little is known about the cognitive processes potentially underlying salience attribution. The present study assessed the relationship between aberrant salience and latent inhibition (LI), as well as their associations with positive and negative schizotypy. Salience was measured at various stages of processing, including visual salience, attributions of salience to contingency illusions, and self-reported experience of salience. Schizotypy traits were differentially associated with self-reported aberrant salience experiences: positive schizotypy showed positive associations (β = 0.67, f2 = 0.82, large effect) and negative schizotypy showed inverse associations (β = −0.20, f2 = 0.07, small effect). However, neither schizotypy dimension was associated with visual salience, contingency illusions, or LI. Salience processing across perceptual, cognitive, and experiential levels likely involves different mechanisms, some of which may not show major disruption in subclinical manifestations of schizotypy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aberrant Salience Across Levels of Processing in Positive and Negative Schizotypy

2019

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“…Compared with healthy controls, patients displayed less physiological and subjective arousal to a CS þ and more arousal to a CS-, an effect that is nearly identical to the deficits in discriminative fear reported here. Similar results have been obtained from individuals high in the schizotypal trait 'reality distortion' (Balog et al, 2013), suggesting that these deficits may be related to underlying neurochemical (possibly GABAergic) alterations, rather than confounding factors such as disease course or antipsychotic treatment. Interestingly, the mPFC displays aberrant hyperactivity in response to neutral stimulus in schizophrenia patients compared with control individuals (Hall et al, 2008;Jensen et al, 2008;Murray et al, 2008).…”

Section: Relevance For Schizophreniasupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Conditioning. Rats underwent discriminative fear conditioning modeled after the protocol described by Antunes and Moita (2010) (see Figure 1a), which is similar to one used in human subjects (Balog et al, 2013;Jensen et al, 2008). In this protocol, rats received a total of eight presentations each of a neutral CS (CS-) and an aversive CS (CS þ ).…”

Section: Discriminative Fear Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal Cortical GABA Transmission Modulates Discrimination and Latent Inhibition of Conditioned Fear: Relevance for Schizophrenia

Piantadosi

Floresco

2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) regulates numerous functions, and perturbations in GABAergic transmission within this region have been proposed to contribute to some of the cognitive and behavioral abnormalities associated with disorders such as schizophrenia. These abnormalities include deficits in emotional regulation and aberrant attributions of affective salience. Yet, how PFC GABA regulates these types of emotional processes are unclear. To address this issue, we investigated the contribution of PFC GABA transmission to different aspects of Pavlovian emotional learning in rats using translational discriminative fear conditioning and latent inhibition (LI) assays. Reducing prelimbic PFC GABAA transmission via infusions of the antagonist bicuculline before the acquisition or expression of fear conditioning eliminated the ability to discriminate between an aversive conditioned stimulus (CS+) paired with footshock vs a neutral CS-, resembling similar deficits observed in schizophrenic patients. In a separate experiment, blockade of PFC GABAA receptors before CS preexposure (PE) and conditioning did not affect subsequent expression of LI, but did enhance fear in rats that were not preexposed to the CS. In contrast, PFC GABA-blockade before a fear expression test disrupted the recall of learned irrelevance and abolished LI. These data suggest that normal PFC GABA transmission is critical for regulating and mitigating multiple aspects of aversive learning, including discrimination between fear vs safety signals and recall of information about the irrelevance of stimuli. Furthermore, they suggest that similar deficits in emotional regulation observed in schizophrenia may be driven in part by deficient PFC GABA activity.

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“…Second, it is important to note that the aberrant salience hypothesis extends beyond reward processing (Howes & Nour, 2016;Winton-Brown, Fusar-Poli, Ungless, & Howes, 2014), and the current research cannot directly address processing in response to salient, but nonrewarding (e.g., aversive), stimuli. However, considering that at least some aspects of the incentive and aversive salience are underpinned by a common motivational salience mechanism (Berridge & Kringelbach, 2016), it is tempting to speculate that abnormal salience attribution might also underlie dysfunctional aversive processing in schizophrenia (Balog, Somlai, & Kéri, 2013;Jensen et al, 2008). Few studies to date have examined this topic and further studies are clearly warranted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What you want may not be what you like: A test of the aberrant salience hypothesis in schizophrenia risk

Castro

Martin

2020

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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Motivational abnormalities represent a key area of dysfunction in individuals with, or at risk for, schizophrenia and severely limit broad domains of functioning in these populations. The aberrant salience hypothesis posits that motivational abnormalities are the result of an over-attribution of salience to nonpleasurable stimuli but an under-attribution of salience to pleasurable ones. Consequently, people "want" what they do not "like" but do not "want" what they "like." However, it is unclear how this hypothesis manifests in schizophrenia risk beyond monetary rewards. The current research provided a multimodal investigation of the aberrant salience hypothesis in people with elevated psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) who are at risk for developing psychosis. Study 1 examined the link between liking and incentive salience using a neurobiological indicator of incentive salience (contingent negative variation/CNV) in 23 PLEs and 21 Control participants. The PLEs group showed diminished CNV reactivity to pleasant (vs. neutral) social images, which was driven by an augmented response to neutral stimuli. Study 2 examined liking, incentive salience, and conscious wanting experience using a psychological indicator of incentive salience (positive spontaneous thoughts/PSTs) in 38 PLEs and 246 Control participants. The PLEs group showed diminished correspondence between liking, PSTs, and conscious wanting across diverse reward contexts. Collectively, individuals with PLEs overattribute salience to neutral stimuli and, to a lesser degree, under-attribute salience to rewards. Findings of the current research support abnormal salience attribution as a trait-like feature implicated in the pathophysiology and development of schizophrenia and provide valuable insights on research and treatment of this illness.

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Aversive conditioning, schizotypy, and affective temperament in the framework of the salience hypothesis

Cited by 7 publications

References 26 publications

Aberrant Salience Across Levels of Processing in Positive and Negative Schizotypy

Aberrant Salience Across Levels of Processing in Positive and Negative Schizotypy

Prefrontal Cortical GABA Transmission Modulates Discrimination and Latent Inhibition of Conditioned Fear: Relevance for Schizophrenia

What you want may not be what you like: A test of the aberrant salience hypothesis in schizophrenia risk

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