Average wet canopy evaporation for a Sitka spruce forest derived using the eddy correlation-energy balance technique

Tol, Christiaan van der; Gash, J. H. C.; Grant, Simon; McNeil, D. D.; Robinson, Mark

doi:10.1016/s0022-1694(03)00024-6

Cited by 44 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…6b). The slope was consistent with previous estimations (van der Tol et al, 2003), and the offset 5 was very close to zero.…”

Section: Energy Balance Closure and Performance Of The Sonic Anemometersupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The quality of the energy balance data (eddy-covariance flux of sensible heat, net radiation, ground heat and storage terms) was verified by calculating the energy balance closure and the energy balance ratio (EBR) for the dry and wet periods for which high quality data (Quality flag ≤ 2 ) 10 of were available. In addition, the performance of the sonic anemometer (CSAT3) during wet conditions was evaluated by plotting the standard deviation of the vertical wind speed ( ) against friction velocity ( * ) (Gash et al, 1999;van der Tol et al, 2003;Holwerda et al, 2012) Wet-canopy evaporation rate was derived using the energy balance residual approach where (W m -2 ) is estimated as the 15 residual of the energy balance equation as:…”

Section: Wet-canopy Evaporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…surface resistance set to zero). Aerodynamic 5 conductance for momentum , (m s -1 ), following Thom (1975), for neutral conditions was derived from the regression of observed friction velocity ( * , m s -1 ) versus wind speed ( , m s -1 ) measured by a sonic anemometer (Gash et al, 1999;van der Tol et al, 2003):…”

Section: Wet-canopy Evaporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of long-term changes in canopy structure on rainfall interception loss: a case study in Speulderbos, the Netherlands

Vaca¹,

Tol²,

Ghimire³

2018

Preprint

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Abstract. The evaporation of intercepted water by forests is a significant contributor to both the water and energy budget of the Earth. In many studies, a discrepancy in the water and energy budget is found: the energy that is needed for evaporation is larger than the available energy supplied by net radiation. In this study, we analyse the water and energy budget of a mature 10 Douglas-fir stand in the Netherlands, for the two growing seasons of 2015 and 2016. Based on the wet-canopy water balance equation for these two growing seasons, derived interception losses were estimated to be 37% and 39% of gross rainfall, respectively.We further scrutinized eddy covariance energy balance data from these two consecutive growing seasons and found the average evaporation rate during wet canopy conditions was 0.20 mm h -1 . The source of energy for this wet-canopy evaporation was 15 net radiation (35 %), a negative sensible heat flux (45 %) and a negative energy storage change (15 %). This confirms that the energy for wet-canopy evaporation is extracted from the biomass as well as the atmosphere.Moreover, the measured interception loss at the forest was similar to that measured at the same site years before ( = 38 %), when the forest was younger (29 years old, vs 55 years old in 2015). At that time, the forest was denser and had a higher canopy storage capacity (2.4 mm then vs 1.90 mm in 2015), but the aerodynamic conductance was lower (0.065 m s -1 then vs 20 0.105 m s -1 in 2015), and therefore past evaporation rates were lower than evaporation rates found in the present study (0.077 mm h -1 vs 0.20 mm h -1 in 2015). Our findings emphasize the importance of quantifying downward sensible heat flux and heat release from canopy biomass in tall forest in order to improve the quantification of evaporative fluxes in wet canopies.

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“…6b). The slope was consistent with previous estimations (van der Tol et al, 2003), and the offset 5 was very close to zero.…”

Section: Energy Balance Closure and Performance Of The Sonic Anemometersupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Wet-canopy Evaporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The influence of long-term changes in canopy structure on rainfall interception loss: a case study in Speulderbos, the Netherlands

Vaca¹,

Tol²,

Ghimire³

2018

Preprint

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“…Gaps were also filled using the energy-balance equation if data for only one of λE or H were missing. Several studies have reported that during rainfall, H can be measured by a sonic anemometer [e.g., Mizutani et al, 1997;van der Tol et al, 2003]. In the KEW, during and after rainfall events, almost the same variations in λE have been simulated using the calibrated multi-layer model and estimated by the energy budget with eddy covariance H [Takanashi et al, 2003].…”

Section: Measurement Of Evapotranspiration By the Eddy Covariance Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Bedrock Infiltration on a Weathered Granitic Mountain Covered by Japanese Cypress Forest using Water-Budget and Eddy Covariance Methods

Matsumoto

Kosugi

Katsuyama

et al. 2011

IJECE

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At a watershed underlain by weathered granitic bedrock (5.99 ha) and covered by Japanese cypress forest, we estimated apparent bedrock infiltration (Q B ) by extracting evapotranspiration measured by eddy covariance (E EC ) from the residual of the water budget (E WB = precipitation -runoff) over an 8-year period (2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008). The degree of interannual variation in E EC was relatively small throughout this period. Conversely, E WB showed larger annual variations and positive dependence on annual precipitation. The difference between E EC and E WB was greater in the years with more precipitation. Therefore, estimated values of Q B also showed positive dependence on annual precipitation. Observed average annual precipitation, runoff, E EC , and estimated Q B were 1549, 722, 742, and 86 mm year -1 , respectively. Consequently, Q B is believed to have amounted to 0-10% (average 5%) of total precipitation. The findings suggest that episodes of rainfall with medium and high intensity induce lower and higher Q B values, respectively, with similar amounts of precipitation.

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“…[27] In principle, the sonic anemometer, Solent R3, should work satisfactorily even during rainfall [van der Tol et al, 2003]. Nevertheless, to be on the safe side, data were removed that exhibited, large unexplainable scatter, possibly due to raindrop impact.…”

Section: Data Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nighttime transpiration observed over a larch forest in Hokkaido, Japan

Kobayashi

Hiyama

Fukushima

et al. 2007

Water Resources Research

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[1] Nighttime transpiration in a larch forest in northern Japan was investigated using concurrent measurements of the energy budget below and above the canopy and sap flow velocities. Upward latent heat flux (lE) above the canopy was observed on $20% of nights during the growing season. Nighttime lE was $7% of daily totals during the dry season (September-October) and averaged $3% over the entire growing season. A relatively low contribution of the understory to lE (<30%) and strong synchronicity between larch sap flow rates and lE on two warm windy nights indicated nighttime lE, occurring when warm dry air intruded from above, was largely due to transpiration from the larch overstory. High canopy conductance on some nights relative to reported maximum cuticular conductance and a strong correlation between canopy conductance and air humidity on these nights indicate the stomata of the larch trees did not close tightly at night.

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Average wet canopy evaporation for a Sitka spruce forest derived using the eddy correlation-energy balance technique

Cited by 44 publications

References 17 publications

The influence of long-term changes in canopy structure on rainfall interception loss: a case study in Speulderbos, the Netherlands

The influence of long-term changes in canopy structure on rainfall interception loss: a case study in Speulderbos, the Netherlands

Estimation of Bedrock Infiltration on a Weathered Granitic Mountain Covered by Japanese Cypress Forest using Water-Budget and Eddy Covariance Methods

Nighttime transpiration observed over a larch forest in Hokkaido, Japan

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