Average Molecular Weight and Gastro-Intestinal Absorption of a Natural Food Color Gardenia Blue.

Touyama, Ryousuke; Inouye, Hiroyuki; Sezaki, Hitosi

doi:10.1248/jhs1956.40.259

Cited by 5 publications

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“…Thus iridoid glucosides, obtained industrially from gardenia fruits, have been converted into the blue food colourants under aerobic conditions by food additive grade enzymes or micro-organisms containing b-glucosidase in the presence of hydrolysed proteins and amino acids. 10 The properties and toxicological safety of the blue pigment were reported by Touyama et al 11 A pigment, prepared from GSA, instead of GS as the raw material, was purple. 12 We obtained an even more reddish pigment by optimisation of the conditions of formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Properties of red pigments prepared from geniposidic acid and amino acids

Moritome¹,

Kishi²,

Fujii

1999

J. Sci. Food Agric.

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Red pigments formed from geniposide and amino acids were studied. Geniposide, the principal iridoid glucoside contained in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, was hydrolysed to geniposidic acid as a precursor for the pigment. The pigments prepared anaerobically with arginine or glutamic acid under acidic conditions with a large excess of citric acid, were reddish purple and had properties governed by the electrostatic character of the amino acid. Relative molecular masses of these pigments were determined to be several thousand by gel filtration. The pigments showed good stability to heat and pH, but were gradually bleached by light. The safety of the pigments was evaluated by studing their oral acute and the 5‐month oral toxicity of arginine‐red pigment using mice. The pigments were considered to be of low toxicity. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Properties of red pigments prepared from geniposidic acid and amino acids

Moritome¹,

Kishi²,

Fujii

1999

J. Sci. Food Agric.

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Substituent effects of amines on genipin dye formation – Insights into dye origin

Bonanno,

Jeeva,

Bhattacharjee

et al. 2023

Dyes and Pigments

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Genotoxicity evaluation of the naturally-derived food colorant, gardenia blue, and its precursor, genipin

Hobbs

Koyanagi

Swartz

et al. 2018

Food and Chemical Toxicology

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Gardenia blue is widely used in Eastern Asia as a natural food colorant. To evaluate the genotoxic potential of gardenia blue, as well as genipin, the natural starting material from which it is produced, a GLP-compliant test battery was conducted according to OECD guidelines. No evidence of mutagenicity of gardenia blue was detected in a 5-strain bacterial reverse mutation assay, with or without metabolic activation; an equivocal response for genipin occurred in S. typhimurium TA97a without metabolic activation. In in vitro micronucleus and chromosome aberration assays, genipin tested positive under some test conditions; however, gardenia blue tested negative in both assays. In combined micronucleus/comet assays conducted in male and female B6C3F1 mice, exposure to genipin at doses reaching maximal toxicity (74 and 222 mg/kg bw/day for males and females, respectively) or gardenia blue tested up to the limit dose (2000 mg/kg bw/day) did not induce micronuclei in peripheral blood or DNA damage in several examined tissues. Modified ("reverse") comet assays showed no evidence of DNA crosslinking potential of either genipin, known to form crosslinks with other macromolecules, or gardenia blue. Our results indicate that consumption of gardenia blue in food products does not pose a significant genotoxic concern for humans.

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Average Molecular Weight and Gastro-Intestinal Absorption of a Natural Food Color Gardenia Blue.

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Properties of red pigments prepared from geniposidic acid and amino acids

Properties of red pigments prepared from geniposidic acid and amino acids

Substituent effects of amines on genipin dye formation – Insights into dye origin

Genotoxicity evaluation of the naturally-derived food colorant, gardenia blue, and its precursor, genipin

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