Average Glandular Doses and National Diagnostic Reference Levels in Mammography Examinations in Turkey

Parmaksız, Aydın; Ataç, Gökçe Kaan; Bulur, Emine; İnal, Tolga; Alhan, Aslıhan

doi:10.1093/rpd/ncaa080

Cited by 12 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…While the other three studies [18,25,29,32]followed the ACR measurement protocol [22]with Dance et al [26] conversion factors. An Indian study [25]used an inexpensive in-house built phantom which consists of PMMA, similar to the ACR PMMA phantom.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An Indian study [25]used an inexpensive in-house built phantom which consists of PMMA, similar to the ACR PMMA phantom. It also followed ACR protocol [22]with Dance et al [26] MGD conversion factors. However, in these selected studies, DRL values cannot be compared directly without having a unique conversion calculation with a standard phantom.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study conducted at Qatar MGD for CC and MLO was 2.2 mGy and 2.5 mGy, respectively [35]. In this study, MGD was calculated according to the European protocol [23],and the Dance et al [26] conversion factors were used and the obtained values were higher than the MGDs of other studies. This may be due to many factors such as the inclusion of symptomatic patients under the age of 40, the broad spectrum of CBT, the variation in the selection of the conversion factors, and the wide age range of the patients selected.…”

Section: Drl Measurements Using Patient-based Datamentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Based on this review, two methods by Dance et al [26]and Wu et al [32] were used to calculate MGD. .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may be due to the variation of technical parameters of different manufacturers. In a Taiwanese study using the ACR phantom, the 75 𝑡ℎ percentile was obtained as 1.87mGy [27], but a Turkish study [28]with the same phantom followed the IAEA protocol with Dance et al [26] conversion factors produced the 75 𝑡ℎ percentile as 2.0 mGy. In the Indian study [25]conducted with an in-house built phantom similar to ACR PMMA, breast entrance exposure (BEE) was measured by placing a thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) within the engraved slot of the phantom.…”

Section: Drl Measurements Using Phantom-based Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnostic Reference Levels in Mammography in the Asian Context

Rajamuni¹,

Weerakoon²

2022

Sudan JMS

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Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among the female population globally. Therefore, early detection is helpful for effective treatments and to reduce the mortality rate. Mammography is a radiological examination done with low-energy X-rays to detect abnormalities in breast tissue. This study aims to review the literature to evaluate the techniques, protocols, and conversion factors used to determine the diagnostic reference levels (DRLs); within the Asian continent using both phantom- and patient-based data. Methods: Related articles were systematically reviewed via Pub Med, Google scholar, and freehand search with the aid of relevant terms. Related abstracts in English were screened, and suitable articles were selected after reviewing the full-text. Four hundred and thirty abstracts were screened for relevance, and 12 articles were selected. Results: The study comprises four phantom-based and eight patient-based studies. The studies varied between the types of test subjects, conversion factors, breast compression thickness, and dose calculation protocols. This obstructs continuing the DRLs with the updates and comparisons among countries. Establishments of DRLs in Asian countries are less than the rest of the world. DRLs should be measured continuously, and should be updated based on other clinical parameters of the patients. Conclusion: DRLs in mammography were measured from time to time in different geographical locations in Asia by following various techniques. But when compared with the other regions of the world, there is less consideration for establishing DRLs in Asia. There should be standard protocols and updated conversion factors according to the advancements of the technology to ensure radiation protection with optimal absorbed dose with appropriate image quality.

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