Ave Maria and Visions of Children: Atypical Charles Bonnet Syndrome or Two Coexisting Deafferentation Phenomena?

Abstract

Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) refers to the experience of visual hallucinations in the context of visual impairment. The underlying pathology may be localized anywhere along the visual pathway from the eye itself to visual cortical centers. It is sometimes compared to phantom limb syndrome; both involve decreased sensory input, as in loss of a limb or declining vision, resulting in overactivity in areas of the brain controlling sensory perception. Definitive diagnostic criteria are still lacking and may vary by discipline. However, the following features are generally agreed upon: visual hallucinations, impaired vision, and intact cognition and insight. Psychiatric symptoms, cognitive decline, and hallucinations of other sensory modalities are often excluded, although this remains an area of debate. Certain non-classic cases of CBS have inspired the designation of atypical CBS, which encompasses a wide spectrum of sensory experiences and associated symptoms. Auditory hallucinations in the hearing-impaired, a well-described phenomenon thought to have a similar pathogenesis, share with CBS the important risk factor of increased age. In patients experiencing both types of hallucinations with deterioration in both sensory domains, the distinction between a CBS variant and two independent processes may not be straightforward. In addition to the ongoing diagnostic dilemma posed by multimodal hallucinations, these phenomena tend to be underreported by patients likely due to concern that they will be diagnosed with mental illness. Although many patients with this condition are indifferent to it, some suffer distress from their hallucinations and would benefit from recognition, reassurance, and in some cases correction of the underlying cause or pharmacologic treatment. Here we present the case of an elderly woman with a history of macular degeneration and chronic hearing loss who experienced complex auditory and visual hallucinations surrounding an episode of severe anxiety. We postulate that her anxiety acted as a precipitant to her hallucinatory experiences and may partially explain their abrupt onset in the absence of other clear pathologic processes. This case serves to reinforce CBS as a possible etiology of visual hallucinations in the elderly population, while also generating discussion of how to classify her particular set of symptoms.

Charles Bonnet Syndrome

“…Interestingly, there have been reports of a few variations of visual hallucinations in patients diagnosed with CBS, including reports of geometric hallucinations (where they see shapes and sizes like squares, triangle in animal's face, or photographs), ego-syntonic moving images (purple flowers moving long their vision), ego-dystonic images (scary wild animals or Lilliputians dressed in bright outfits and talking to each other), dendritic/branch-like patterns, perseveration (details persisting in other images), and micro/macropsia (Buttar and Kaell, 2018; Gordon, 2016). These visuals can provoke fear-induced anxiety and distress, which was also noted in our case (Koek and Espinosa, 2018).…”

On the Neurophysiology of Delusional Disorders: Top-Bottom vs. Bottom-Up Theories

“…Hence the deafferentation model is at hand: how about adopting it into the cases of patients completely blind but suffering from visual hallucinations? [22] Charles Bonnet syndrome probably has the right clues to suggest how an isolated visual (thus, sensory) deprivation leads to a psychotic situation. Be it not enough, history of psychiatry has as well wide reflections over the dilemma of a probable role of the peripheral ner-Othello's syndromes might be considered within this frame [7,9].…”