Avances en la propagación del aguacate

Abstract

Resumen Por ser una especie de polinización cruzada y altamente heterocigótica, la multiplicación del aguacate por semilla origina una progenie altamente variable en relación a las características morfológicas y biológicas. Por ese motivo, se hizo relevante la adopción de métodos de propagación más eficientes, que resulten en plántulas de mejor calidad en términos de producción y resistencia a enfermedades. La injertación es el más utilizado para la propagación comercial de aguacate en los principales países productores. Originalmente, la implementación de plantaciones de aguacate se realizó a partir de plántulas obtenidas de portainjertos provenientes de semillas, siendo ese método de multiplicación el que aún predomina en Brasil. Sin embargo, tal procedimiento confiere en el campo mucha variabilidad y diferencias de productividad, calidad y vigor entre las plantas. En países que adoptan mayor nivel tecnológico, el portainjerto pasó a ser obtenido a partir de métodos clonales (Frolich y Platt, Brokaw, Allesbeste) asociados a otras técnicas como la etiolación y el anillado de los brotes. La presente revisión bibliográfica tiene como objetivo abordar los principales métodos de propagación utilizados en aguacate, sus avances y la importancia del mejoramiento genético y de las nuevas investigaciones en la obtención de cultivares de portainjerto y copa que atiendan las demandas del mercado.

Productos Alternativos en La Desinfestación in Vitro en Explantes De Portainjerto Duke-7 E Identificación De Microorganismos Endófitos

“…En las plantaciones de aguacate en México se utilizan portainjertos provenientes de semilla de raza mexicana, lo que aumenta la susceptibilidad al oomiceto Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands., que causa la muerte de raíces, base del tronco y posteriormente todo el árbol (Alberti et al, 2018).…”

Criollo avocado of mexican race (Persea americana var. drymifolia): an underutilized species in horticulture

“…Drymifolia) is native to the high parts of central and southern Mexico, and from there it was dispersed towards the north of Mexico and part of Central America, 1 belongs to the Lauraceae Family and is part of the genetic base of commercial varieties that are currently marketed throughout the world as 'Hass', 'Fuerte' and their genetic variants. 2 The CAMR is considered a hyper variable species because it presents a high degree of genetic polymorphism, 3 in addition, its form of reproduction is by open pollination 4 and its genome size is very large compared to other species (920 million base pairs), 2 which contributes to the fact that the phenotypic characteristics of its progeny are unpredictable and with a high degree of morphological polymorphism. 4 However, CAMR presents morphological and chemical characteristics of the species, which allows it to be differentiated from other races Persea americana var.…”

“…2 The CAMR is considered a hyper variable species because it presents a high degree of genetic polymorphism, 3 in addition, its form of reproduction is by open pollination 4 and its genome size is very large compared to other species (920 million base pairs), 2 which contributes to the fact that the phenotypic characteristics of its progeny are unpredictable and with a high degree of morphological polymorphism. 4 However, CAMR presents morphological and chemical characteristics of the species, which allows it to be differentiated from other races Persea americana var. guatemalensis and Persea americana var.…”

“…However, the characteristics of resistance and adaptation have led to the fact that currently the main use of CAMR is as rootstock for hybrid varieties that are marketed throughout the world, reducing the use of the fruit as a horticultural product for human consumption. 4 In addition, the mechanical characteristics of the fruit and its high perishability prevent it from being marketed outside the production regions. 9,10 This has caused producers to opt for the introduction of cultivars of higher value in the market such as 'Hass' and 'Fuerte' in orchards where CAMR was previously produced, thus causing a rapid disappearance of genotypes that have not been explored from a horticultural and nutritional point of view that could be of interest in the selection, improvement and creation of new varieties.…”

Caracterización fisiológica y morfológica de accesiones de aguacate criollo (Persea americana Mill.) en la búsqueda de patrones élites

“…For this reason, grafting as a method of propagation and production of high-quality grafted plants with high production capacity and tolerance to biotic and abiotic constraints is today the most used for the establishment of avocado cultivation in producing countries (Tripathi and Karunakaran, 2019;Moraes et al, 2022;Cano-Gallego et al, 2023). In this context, the Guatemalan, Mexican, and Antillean or West Indian races have become the primary seed source for rootstock production, mainly in countries such as Chile (Castro et al, 2008), Brazil, and Mexico, where plants with high vigor and hardiness originate (Alberti et al, 2017).…”