Availability of adequately iodized in Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Zegeye, Abebe; Tariku, Amare; Gebeye, Ejigu

doi:10.1186/s13690-017-0201-0

Cited by 24 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…This warrants assessment of salt iodine contents using a quantitative marker such as a titration method. This finding is consistent with other study in the same population which reported 33.2% households used adequately iodised salt post fortification [15]. Higher proportion of inadequate salt iodine content among households in the study area indicates a possibility of fluctuations in iodised salt supply in the community or availability of non-iodised salt in the local market or poor utilization of iodised salt including use of open containers to store salt, exposing the salt to sunlight and storage of salt for long period of time at the household level.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey reported 89.3% households used iodised salt [13]. The proportion of households using adequately iodized salt after introduction of the USI program were 29.7% in Lay Armachiho district [14], 33.2% in Dabat district [15], 28.9% in Gondar town [16], and 26.2% in Shebe Senbo district [17]. High prevalence of goiter [14,[17][18][19][20][21] and median UIC < 100 μg/l [17,19,[21][22][23] was also reported across the country pre-and post-mandatory salt iodization in 2011.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iodine status five years after the mandatory salt iodization legislation indicates above requirement: a cross sectional study in Northwest Ethiopia

et al. 2018

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Background: Iodine deficiency is one of a major nutritional problem. The study aimed to assess the iodine status of populations in Dabat district using median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in school-age children (6-12 years) and compared the results with goiter prevalence. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional study design. The study was conducted in Dabat district, northwest Ethiopia in May 2016. Spot urine samples were used for the determination of UIC. Manual examination of the thyroid gland was performed to assess presence of goiter. The MBI international Rapid Test Kits (RTK) were used to determine the level of salt iodine content. Children aged 6-12 years were recruited from schools using a multistage stratified sampling. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare mean of log-transformed UIC values among key variables. Significant was determined at P-value less than 0.05. Results: A total of 358 school age children enrolled to the study. The mean age of children was 10.8((Standard Deviation (SD) = 1.45) years and 56.7% were males. The median UIC was 235 μg/l ((Inter Quartile Range (IQR): 161, 320]. Excessive iodine intake and inadequate iodine intake was observed on 29.1 and 8.7% of school aged children, respectfully. The coverage of iodized salt use in school-age children were 66.8%. The UIC was higher in urban children than rural counterparts and in those used adequately iodised salt than inadequately iodized salt (P < 0.05). Thirty-four percent of school-age children had a goiter. The prevalence of grade 1 and grade 2 goiter was 26.5 and 7. 5%, respectively. There was a poor agreement between UIC and goiter (k = 0.1) in classifying iodine status of populations. Conclusions: The study population is classified as above requirements by median UIC in school-age children but severe iodine deficiency by goiter prevalence. Further research investigating the agreement between UIC and goiter prevalence in classifying iodine status of populations with various iodine status is warranted.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine status five years after the mandatory salt iodization legislation indicates above requirement: a cross sectional study in Northwest Ethiopia

et al. 2018

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“…18 In Dabat and Laelay Maychew districts of Northern Ethiopia similar adequately iodised salt utilisation was observed. 5,19 Levels of iodine in salt can be affected by many factors. In the current study the age of the respondents, their educational status and the place where salt is stored showed statistically significant associations with salt being iodised.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, in Dabat and Laelay Maychew districts of Northern Ethiopia those who had attended formal education were more likely to have access to adequately iodised salt. 5,19 In Ghana too iodised salt is used more by those respondents who attended formal education. In both Ghana and the current study salt that has been purchased from the marketplace had a lower quantity of iodine compared with salt purchased from a shop.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Availability of adequately iodised salt at household level and its associated factors in Robe town, Bale Zone, South East Ethiopia: community-based cross-sectional study

Dida

Legese

Aman

et al. 2018

South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Iodine is a micronutrient required by the body in small amounts to prevent iodine deficiency disorder (IDD), which is a global public health concern. There were no specific data at household level of adequately iodised salt in the study area. Thus this study aimed to assess availability of adequately iodised salt and its associated factors at household level in Bale-Robe, South East Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Robe town, Bale Zone, South East Ethiopia in April 2015. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires from a total of 367 households, which were identified through systematic random sampling. Salt iodine content was estimated using rapid testing kits at the household level. Descriptive statistics was used to determine the prevalence, and association between dependent and independent variables was computed by using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. A p-value of < 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. Results: Of 374 samples, 370 respondents were interviewed yielding a response rate of 99%. One-third (32.7%) of the household levels used adequately iodised salt. Respondents' educational status, exposure to information on how to handle iodised salt and type of salt used by the respondents were independent factors for availability of adequately iodised salt at the household level. Salt that had been stored in a dry place was twice as likely to have an adequate iodine content compared with salt stored in a high-moisture area or near a fire (AOR = 2.13, CI = 1.19-3.72). Conclusion: Availability of adequately iodised salt at the household level was very low. Factors that were associated with household levels' access to adequately iodised salt included educational level, age of the respondents and place where salt is stored, and had an effect on whether households iodise salt adequately. Strategies to educate residents regarding the appropriate storage conditions to minimise iodine losses in iodised salt are required in Bale-Robe district of South East Ethiopia.

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“…Several factors are known to affect iodized salt utilization. Most importantly, being female, married (19,20), having knowledge on IDD and iodized salt (19,(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), higher educational status (24,(26)(27)(28), and higher monthly income (26,27,29) are signi cantly associated with iodized salt utilization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Distribution and Determinants of Household Iodized Salt Utilization in Ethiopia: A Spatial and Multilevel Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

Yeshaw

Alem

Tesema

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Iodine deficiency disorder is a significant public health problem, affecting both developed and developing nations worldwide. It is associated with poor body growth and irreversible mental retardation. However, little is known about the spatial distribution and determinants of household iodized salt utilization in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the spatial distribution and determinants of iodized salt utilization at national level. Methods : Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016 data was used to investigate the spatial distribution and determinants of household iodized salt utilization in Ethiopia. ArcGIS 10.6 and SaTScan™ version 9.6 software were used to explore the spatial distribution and detect significant clusters, respectively. We used STATA version 14 software to analyze the determinants of household iodized salt utilization. The odds ratio with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was determined for potential determinants included in the multivariable multilevel logistic regression model and the corresponding p-value ≤ 0.05 was employed to declare the statistically significant variables. Results : Household iodized salt utilization was spatially clustered in Ethiopia (Moran’s Index = 0.076, p-value= 0.01). The significant hotspot areas with high iodized salt utilization were located in Benishangul, Amhara, Gambella, Tigray and Northwest Oromia regions. Those households with higher education level ((Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] =1.49, 95% CI =1.14-1.93), high community level education (AOR=1.51, 95% CI=1.03-2.20), middle wealth index (AOR=1.31, 95% CI=1.04-1.65) and high community media exposure (AOR=1.52, 95% CI=1.07-2.17) had higher odds of iodized salt utilization. Conclusions : Household iodized salt utilization had significant spatial variation across the country . The significant hotspot areas with high iodized salt utilization were located in Benishangul, Amhara, Gambella, Tigray and Northwest Oromia regions. Households with higher education level, high community level education and high community media exposure and middle wealth index had higher odds of iodized salt utilization. Increasing education level, wealth status and community media exposure is recommended to increase iodized salt utilization. A targeted intervention is also needed for those regions with low household iodized salt utilization.

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Availability of adequately iodized in Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Cited by 24 publications

References 26 publications

Iodine status five years after the mandatory salt iodization legislation indicates above requirement: a cross sectional study in Northwest Ethiopia

Iodine status five years after the mandatory salt iodization legislation indicates above requirement: a cross sectional study in Northwest Ethiopia

Availability of adequately iodised salt at household level and its associated factors in Robe town, Bale Zone, South East Ethiopia: community-based cross-sectional study

Spatial Distribution and Determinants of Household Iodized Salt Utilization in Ethiopia: A Spatial and Multilevel Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

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