Auxin: The Looping Star in Plant Development

Benjamins, René; Scheres, Ben

doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103805

Cited by 509 publications

(424 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…The developmental abnormalities observed in the wad mutant are reminiscent of alteration in phytohormone action. The pleiotropic phenotype of wad mutants bears similarities to those found in mutants with defective auxin homeostasis and polar transport, including aberrant leaf shape, venation pattern and apical dominance (Benjamins and Scheres, 2008). Although the association between auxin and trichome development remains unclear in Arabidopsis (Hülskamp et al, 2004), it has been established for tomato, cotton and other species (Serna and Martin, 2006;Lee et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutagenesis in Petunia x hybrida Vilm. and isolation of a novel morphological mutant

Berenschot

Zucchi

Neto³

et al. 2008

Braz. J. Plant Physiol.

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Traditionally, mutagenesis has been used to introduce novel genetic variability in ornamental crops. More recently, it has become a powerful tool in gene discovery and functional analyses in reverse genetics approaches. The present work aimed to compare the efficiency of physical and chemical agents in generating mutant populations of petunia. We have indirectly evaluated the genomic damage by analyzing developmental characteristics of the plantlets derived from treated seeds employing gamma radiation at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 Gy and the alkylating agent ethyl-methanesulfonate (EMS) at 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25% (v/v). Gamma rays and EMS caused developmental defects and decreased seedling viability in plants obtained from the mutagenized seeds. High mutagen doses reduced in approximately 44% the number of plants with primary leaves at 15 days after sowing (DAS) and decreased seedling survival rates to 55% (gamma) and 28% (EMS), in comparison to untreated controls. Seedling height decrease was proportional to increasing EMS dosage, whereas 40 and 60 Gy of gamma irradiation caused the most significant reduction in height. Moderate DNA damage allowing a high saturation of mutant alleles in the genome and the generation of viable plants for reverse genetics studies was correlated to the biological parameter LD 50 , the dose required to kill half of the tested population. It corresponded to 100 Gy for gamma radiation and 0.1% for EMS treatment. The optimized mutagen treatments were used to develop petunia mutant populations (M 1 and M 2 ) and novel morphological mutants were identified. Key words: EMS, gamma irradiation, genomic damage, mutagenesis, reverse genetics Mutagênese em Petunia x hybrida Vilm. e isolamento de um novo mutante morfológico. A mutagênese tem sido tradicionalmente usada para gerar variabilidade genética em plantas ornamentais. Recentemente, tornou-se uma ferramenta poderosa na descoberta e análise da função gênica em genética reversa. Este trabalho objetivou comparar a eficiência da mutagênese física e química na geração de populações mutantes de petúnia. O dano genômico foi avaliado indiretamente por características de desenvolvimento de plântulas após o tratamento com doses de radiação gama de 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 Gy e do agente alquilante etil-metanossulfonato (EMS) de 0; 0,05; 0,1; 0,15; 0,2 e 0,25% (v/v). Radiação gama e EMS causaram danos ao desenvolvimento e reduziram a viabilidade das plântulas derivadas das sementes tratadas. As maiores doses de mutagênico diminuíram o número de plantas com folhas primárias aos 15 dias após a semeadura (DAS) em aproximadamente 44% e reduziram as taxas de sobrevivência a 55% (gama) e 28% (EMS) em relação aos controles. A redução na altura das plântulas foi proporcional ao aumento das dosagens de EMS, enquanto 40 e 60 Gy de radiação gama provocaram a redução mais significativa na altura de plantas. Abordagens de genética reversa requerem danos genômicos moderados, que permitam alta saturação de alelos mutantes com pequena redução no número de...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutagenesis in Petunia x hybrida Vilm. and isolation of a novel morphological mutant

Berenschot

Zucchi

Neto³

et al. 2008

Braz. J. Plant Physiol.

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“…These results demonstrate that thiol-mediated redox pathways are linked to the signalling of auxin, which is the key regulator plant growth and development. (52)(53)(54). While there is interplay between the TRX and GSH/GRX systems in the regulation of auxin transport, the GSH/GRX system has specific effects.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The differential distribution of auxin within and between tissues and organs governs a wide spectrum of plant growth and developmental responses (54). Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the main form of auxin in many plant species including Arabidopsis.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Auxin gradients control the growth and architecture of plant organs such as roots (52)(53)(54). Auxin accumulates in stem cells and at sites of cell division and is important in the production of lateral roots, adventitious roots and root hairs, as well as in the control of apical dominance and stem elongation (52)(53)(54). IAA is removed by conjugation or catabolism when downstream responses have reached their optima (56) Oxidation of IAA to 2-oxindole-3-acid acid (oxIAA) attenuates the auxin signal.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Glutathione – linking cell proliferation to oxidative stress

Díaz‐Vivancos

Simone

Kiddle³

et al. 2015

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

278

177

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Significance:The multifaceted functions of reduced glutathione (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine; GSH) continue to fascinate plants and animal scientists, not least because of the dynamic relationships between GSH and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that underpin reduction/oxidation (redox) regulation and signalling. Here we consider the respective roles of ROS and GSH in the regulation of plant growth, with a particular focus on regulation of the plant cell cycle. Glutathione is discussed not only as a crucial low molecular weight redox buffer that shields nuclear processes against oxidative challenge but also a flexible regulator of genetic and epigenetic functions. Recent Advances:The intracellular compartmentalization of GSH during the cell cycle is remarkably consistent in plants and animals. Moreover, measurements of in vivo glutathione redox potentials reveal that the cellular environment is much more reducing than predicted from GSH/GSSG ratios measured in tissue extracts. The redox potential of the cytosol and nuclei of non-dividing plant cells is about -300 mV. This relatively low redox potential is maintained even in cells experiencing oxidative stress by a number of mechanisms including vacuolar sequestration of GSSG. We propose that regulated ROS production linked to glutathione-mediated signalling events are the hallmark of viable cells within a changing and challenging environment. Critical Issues:The concept that the cell cycle in animals is subject to redox controls is well established but little is known about how ROS and GSH regulate this process in plants. However, it is increasingly likely that similar redox controls exist in plants, 3 although possibly through different pathways. Moreover, redox-regulated proteins that function in cell cycle checkpoints remain to be identified in plants. While GSHresponsive genes have now been identified, the mechanisms that mediate and regulate protein glutathionylation in plants remain poorly defined.Future Directions: The nuclear GSH pool provides an appropriate redox environment for essential nuclear functions. Future work will function on how this essential thiol interacts with the nuclear thioredoxin system and nitric oxide to regulate genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. The characterization of redox-regulated cell cycle proteins in plants, and the elucidation of mechanisms that facilitate GSH accumulation in the nucleus are keep steps to unravelling the complexities of nuclear redox controls.Diaz 4

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“…In this paper, we use asymptotic methods to gain understanding of the transport of the hormone auxin through plant tissue. Auxin plays an important role in plant growth and development (Benjamins and Scheres 2008;Friml 2003;Tanaka et al 2006;Vieten et al 2007), and an asymptotic analysis is particularly applicable since plant tissue has a regular structure and we can distinguish the roles of the several cell-scale components of the auxin flux. Thus, the analysis presented provides insight into the underlying dynamics and complements the many computational cell-scale auxin-transport models that are currently in development [see Berleth et al (2007); Jönsson and Krupinski (2010); Kramer (2008); Kramer et al (2008); Krupinski and Jönsson (2010) and Smith and Bayer (2009) for recent reviews].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscale modelling of auxin transport in the plant-root elongation zone

Band

King

2011

J. Math. Biol.

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In the root elongation zone of a plant, the hormone auxin moves in a polar manner due to active transport facilitated by spatially distributed influx and efflux carriers present on the cell membranes. To understand how the cell-scale active transport and passive diffusion combine to produce the effective tissue-scale flux, we apply asymptotic methods to a cell-based model of auxin transport to derive systematically a continuum description from the spatially discrete one. Using biologically relevant parameter values, we show how the carriers drive the dominant tissue-scale auxin flux and we predict how the overall auxin dynamics are affected by perturbations to these carriers, for example, in knockout mutants. The analysis shows how the dominant behaviour depends on the cells' lengths, and enables us to assess the relative importance of the diffusive auxin flux through the cell wall. Other distinguished limits are also identified and their potential roles discussed. As well as providing insight into auxin transport, the study illustrates the use of multiscale (cell to tissue) methods in deriving simplified models that retain the essential biology and provide understanding of the underlying dynamics.

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Auxin: The Looping Star in Plant Development

Cited by 509 publications

References 148 publications

Mutagenesis in Petunia x hybrida Vilm. and isolation of a novel morphological mutant

Mutagenesis in Petunia x hybrida Vilm. and isolation of a novel morphological mutant

Glutathione – linking cell proliferation to oxidative stress

Multiscale modelling of auxin transport in the plant-root elongation zone

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