“…It is easy to see that the vertical derivative dramatically affects the accuracy of the above calculation methods. In previous studies, the authors mainly used the vertical derivative through the frequency domain, such as fast Fourier transform (FFT), Hilbert transform [15,16], or the method of Laplace equation [17]. However, Kha and Trung [12] published a new technique using the the upward continuation and Taylor series expansion methods (UCT) to calculate the vertical derivative, and showed that the calculation of the vertical derivative through the frequency domain is unstable when the data have noises, especially in case of higher-order vertical derivatives, which can affect the results of determining the structural boundary as well as the stability in the downward continuation problem.…”