“…CTSS is mostly produced by immune cells, such as macrophages, B-lymphocytes, and dendritic cells, and is shown to be induced by inflammation (Hsing & Rudensky, 2005;Petanceska, Canoll, & Devi, 1996). The inhibition of CTSS induces the autophagy via several different pathways (such as ROS, p38 MAPK/JNK, EGFR-ERK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR; Chen et al, 2012;Hsieh et al, 2017;Huang et al, 2015;Zhang, Wang, Xu, Zhu, & Ding, 2014). In vitro study, Memmert et al reported an increased level of CTSS expression in the inflammatory PDLCs induced by IL-1β.…”